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1、 非谓语动词Ving一、非谓语动词的基本用法定义：在句子中充当除谓语以外的各种句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词。分类：1.不定式（主动/将来/具体/）:He decided to work hard at English. 2. -Ving形式 2.1 动名词（主动/习惯/抽象）：Learning is important to us. 2.2 现在分词（主动/进行）:We stood there, chatting. 3.-ed 形式(过去分词) （被动/完成）: The novel written by Mo Yan is very important.非谓语动词虽然不能充当谓语，但是可以
2、充当除谓语动词以外的其他句子成分。如：主语宾语表语定语状语宾补动名词不定式分词找出非谓语动词，并判断成分1. Making our city greener is everyones duty. 2. The government is determined to continue the green program.3. I find my hometown changed so much. 4. Having fresh air, trees can reduce air pollution.5. Every effort to make the program makes a diffe
3、rence.Ving的几个形势变化 一般式（谓语动词同时发生）doingbeing done （被动式）完成式（谓语动词发生之前）having donehaving been done（被动式）动名词的形式： doing 否定式：not + doing （1）一般式：常用来表示一个正在进行的主动的动作 Do you know the man _ (talk) to our headteacher?（2）一般式的被动式：被动语态-ing一般式所表示的动作是一个正在进行中的被动动作He came to the party without _ (invite)他未被邀请就来到了晚会。 （3）完成式：
4、所表示的主动的动作发生在句中谓语动词所表示的动作之前（已经完成的主动的动作） _ (finish) his work, he went to the party with joy.（4）完成被动式： 表示被动的动作发生在句中谓语动词表示的动作之前（已经完成的被动的动作）_ (show) around the lab, we were taken to see the library next.（5）否定式：not + 动名词 I regret not following his advice. 我后悔没听他的劝告。 （6）复合结构：物主代词（或名词所有格）+ 动名词在-ing前加物主代词或名词
5、所有格即构成-ing的复合结构。其中的物主代词或名词所有格为-ing的逻辑主语。He suggested our trying it once again. 他建议我们再试一次。 His not knowing English troubled him a lot. 他不懂英语给他带来许多麻烦。 1. 作主语：表示一般的、泛指的或习惯性的行为、经验用-ing形式；_ (read) aloud is very helpful. 朗读是很有好处的。 _(collect) stamps is interesting. 集邮很有趣。 当动名词短语作主语时也有用it作形式主语的，常见句式有：A：Its
6、no use/ no good/ a waste of time doing B: Its nice/ fun/ useless/ worth doing Eg. Its no use_(quarrel) .争吵是没用的。 2. 作表语： 说明主语的具体内容 像puzzling, surprising, exciting等-ing分词表示“令人的(事物)”； In the ant city, the queens job is_ (lay) eggs. 在蚂蚁王国，蚁后的工作是产卵。 3. 作宾语： A: enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid（避免）, excuse ,d
7、elay, imagine, keep, miss, consider, admit（承认），deny（否认）, mind, permit, forbid, practice, risk（冒险）, appreciate（感激）, be busy, be worth, feel like, cant stand, cant help（情不自禁地）等词后 B：在表示“需要”的need, want和require等后用-ing形式的主动形式表示被动意义，也可用不定式的被动式C：在介词之后用动名词作宾语。 think of, dream of, be fond of, , insist on, fee
8、l like, , be engaged in, spend(in), succeed in注意to是介词的短语，如be /get used to, be accustomed to(习惯于), contribute to , devote oneself to /be devoted to, get down to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, make a contribution to doing （做贡献）, pay attention to doing sth. （注意）D：含介词的固定句式：prevent /stop
9、/keep sb. /sth. from doing 阻止做spend /waste time or money in doing 在做方面花费/浪费时间或金钱have some difficulty/trouble in doing 在做方面有些困难have a hard time in doing sth.做某事很艰难there is no+n. (sense/ use除了need之外 ) in doing做是没有理由/道理的E. 复合结构做宾语 物主代词/名词所有格+doingDo you mind my _(open) the window?The rain prevents his
10、_(go) to school. Eg. They havent finished _( build) the dam. 他们还没有建好大坝。 We have to prevent the air from _ ( pollute). 我们必须阻止空气被污染。 I am looking forward to _ (meet) the students from America.When he realized he was in poor health, he finally decided to give up _ (smoke).I really appreciate your_ (hel
11、p) me when I was in trouble.We should do what we can to prevent the earth _ (become) too hot to live on.此外，动名词作宾语时，若跟有宾语补足语，则常用形式宾语it，例如： We found it no good making fun of others. 我们发现取笑他人不好。有些动词可以加to do 不定式也可以加doing做宾语 但是两者表示的意义不相同，对比：A: remember/ forget/ regret + to do / doing B: go on/stop+ to do
12、/ doing C: try+ to do / doing 4. 作定语： a.表示用途 b. 表示一个正在进行的主动的动作He cant walk without a _(walk)stick. 他没有拐杖不能走路。Do you know the girl _ (stand) under the tree now?当分词单独做定语时，放在所修饰的名词前；如果是分词短语做定语 放在名词后In the following years he worked even harder. 在后来的几年中，他学习更努力了。 The man speaking to the teacher is our mon
13、itors father. 正与老师谈话的那个人是我们班长的父亲。 现在分词作定语相当于一个定语从句的句法功能，如：in the following years也可用in the years that followed; the man speaking to the teacher可改为the man who is speaking to the teacher. 5. 作宾语补足语常跟在这些词see, watch, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice, observe, listen to, look at, leave, catch之后 如：see s
14、b. doing sth Eg. Can you hear her_ (sing) the song in the next room? 你能听见她在隔壁唱歌吗？ He kept the car _(wait) at the gate. 他让小汽车在门口等着。 当宾语与作宾补的动词在逻辑上是主动关系时，用不定式(未来或全过程)或-ing形式(正在进行或一直处于某种状态)；当宾语与作宾补的动词在逻辑上是被动关系时，用-ed形式。另外，请注意复习以下6点：(1)在ask, invite, encourage, advise, forbid, remind等动词后，用带to的不定式作宾补。(2)在help后作宾补的不定式带不带to均可。(3)在make, let, have等使役动词和feel, smell, hear, see, watch等感官动词后，一般用不带to的不定式作宾补，但在其被动式后作主语补足语时，要加上to。(4)在with的宾语后，若用-ed形式，表示宾语与-ed形式在逻辑上是被动关系，且意味着该动作已经完成；若用-ing形式，表示宾语与-ing形式在逻辑上是主动关系，且表示动作持续进行。(5)get sb
