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1、会计报表中英文对照 / Accounting1. Financial reporting（财务报告） includes not only financial statements but also other means of communicating information that relates, directly or indirectly, to the information provided by a business enterprises accounting system-that is, information about an enterprises resource
2、s, obligations, earnings, etc. 2. Objectives of financial reporting: 财务报告的目标Financial reporting should:(1) Provide information that helps in making investment and credit decisions. (2) Provide information that enables assessing future cash flows. (3) Provide information that enables users to learn a
3、bout economic resources, claims against those resources, and changes in them. 3. Basic accounting assumptions 基本会计假设(1) Economic entity assumption 会计主体假设This assumption simply says that the business and the owner of the business are two separate legal and economic entities. Each entity should accoun
4、t and report its own financial activities. (2) Going concern assumption 持续经营假设This assumption states that the enterprise will continue in operation long enough to carry out its existing objectives. This assumption enables accountants to make estimates about asset lives and how transactions might be
5、amortized over time. This assumption enables an accountant to use accrual accounting which records accrual and deferral entries as of each balance sheet date. (3) Time period assumption 会计分期假设This assumption assumes that the economic life of a business can be divided into artificial time periods. Th
6、e most typical time segment = Calendar Year Next most typical time segment = Fiscal Year (4) Monetary unit assumption 货币计量假设This assumption states that only transaction data that can be expressed in terms of money be included in the accounting records, and the unit of measure remains relatively cons
7、tant over time in terms of purchasing power. In essence, this assumption disregards the effects of inflation or deflation in the economy in which the entity operates. This assumption provides support for the Historical Cost principle.4. Accrual-basis accounting 权责发生制会计5. Qualitative characteristics
8、会计信息质量特征(1) Reliability 可靠性For accounting information to be reliable, it must be dependable and trustworthy.Accounting information is reliable to the extend that it is:Verifiable: means that information has been objectively determined, arrived at, or created. More than one person could consider the
9、facts of a situation and reach a similar conclusion. Representationally faithful: that something is what it is represented to be. For example, if a machine is listed as a fixed asset on the balance sheet, then the company can prove that the machine exists, is owned by the company, is in working cond
10、ition, and is currently being used to support the revenue generating activities of the company. Neutral: means that information is presented in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles and practices, and without bias. (2) Relevance 相关性Relevant information is capable of making a diffe
11、rence in the decisions of users by helping them to evaluate the potential effects of past, present, or future transactions or other events on future cash flows (predictive value) or to confirm or correct their previous evaluations (confirmatory value). (3) Understandability 可理解性Understandability is
12、the quality of information that enables users who have a reasonable knowledge of business and economic activities and financial reporting, and who study the information with reasonable diligence, to comprehend its meaning. (4) Comparability 可比性Comparability: suggests that accounting information that
13、 has been measured and reported in a similar manner by different enterprises should be capable of being compared because each of the enterprises is applying the same generally accepted accounting principles and practices. Consistency: suggests that an entity has used the same accounting principle or
14、 practice from one period to another, therefore, if the dollar amount reported for a category is different from one period to the next, then chances are that the difference is due to a change like an increase or decrease in sales volume rather than being due to a change in the method of calculating
15、the dollar amount. (5) Substance over form 实质重于形式Substance over form emphasizes the economic substance of an event even though its legal form may provide a different result.It requires that business enterprise should perform accounting recognition, measurement and reporting in accordance with the ec
16、onomic substance rather than the legal form of an event or transaction.(6) Materiality 重要性Information is material if its omission or misstatement could influence the resource allocation decisions that users make on the basis of an entitys financial report. Materiality depends on the nature and amount of the item judged in the particular circumstances of its omission o
