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1、英语被动语态 一、语态概述 英语的语态是通过动词形式的变化表现出来的。英语中有两种语态:主动语态和被动语态。 主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。 Many people speak Chinese. 被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者,即行为动作的对象。例如:Chinese is spoken by many people.主语English是动词speak的承受者。 二、被动语态的构成被动语态的基本结构是“助动词be +过去分词”。被动语态的谓语动词有各种时态变化，以动词take为例，将被动语态常见时态的动词形式列表如下：一般现在时现在进行时现在完成时一般将来时am/is/aretaken am/
2、is/arebeing taken have/has been taken will/shall be taken一般过去时过去进行时过去完成时过去将来时was /weretaken was/werebeing taken had been taken would/shouldbe taken 从上表中可以看出，被动语态的各种时态变化都是通过助动词“be”的各种时态来表示的，因此只要知道“be”的时态形式，也就掌握了被动语态构成。下面是被动语态各种时态的例句：e.g. You are wanted on the phone . 有你的电话。（一般现在时） The railway was bui
3、lt in 1998. 这条铁路建于1998 年。（一般过去时） A new railway is being built in this city. 这个城市正在修建一条新的铁路。（现在进行时） The railway was being built this time last year.去年这个时候这条铁路正在修建。（过去进行时） The new railway has already been built.新铁路已经建成了。（现在完成时） The new railway had been built by the end of last year.这条铁路在去年年底前已经建成了。（过去
4、完成时） A new railway will be built in this city next year.这个城市明年将建一条新的铁路。（一般将来时） He told us that the new railway would be built the next year.他告诉我们新铁路将于明年建成。（过去将来） 三、被动语态的用法 (1)不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁。 例如:Some new computers were stolen last night. 一些新电脑在昨晚被盗了。(不知道电脑是谁偷的) This bridge was founded in 1981.这座桥
5、竣工于1981年。 (2)强调动作的承受者,而不强调动作的执行者。 例如:The glass was broken by Mike.玻璃杯是迈克打破的。 Your homework must be finished on time.你们的家庭作业必须及时完成。 四、主动语态变被动语态的方法 (1)把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。 (2)把谓语变成被动结构(be+过去分词) (根据被动语态句子里的主语的人称和数,以及原来主动语态句子中动词的时态来决定be的形式)。 (3)把主动语态中的主语放在介词by之后作宾语,将主格改为宾格。例如: All the people laughed at hi
6、m. He was laughed at by all people. They make the bikes in the factory. The bikes are made by them in the factory. He cut down a tree. A tree was cut down by him. 五、含有情态动词的被动语态 含有情态动词的主动句变成被动句时,由情态动词+be+过去分词构成,原来带to的情态动词变成被动语态后to仍要保留。 We can repair this watch in two days. This watch can be repaired
7、in two days. They should do it at once. It should be done at once. 六、特殊情况 1.He made the boy work for two hours yesterday. The boy was made to work by him for two hours yesterday. 2.Mother never lets me watch TV . I am never let to watch TV by mother. 3.Jack gave Peter a Christmas present just now. (
8、1)A Christmas present was given to Peter by Jack just now. (2)Peter was given a Christmas present by Jack just now.第二节 被动语态的各种句型1.单宾语结构。 Our English teacher often uses a tape-recorder in teaching English.我们英语老师经常用录音机教英语。 A tape-recorder is often used (by our English teacher) in teaching English.录音机经
9、常用来教英语。2双宾语结构 这种结构可有两种被动语态句型，即分别用间接宾语和直接宾语作主语。e.g. The villagers gave the foreign guests warm welcome.（主动语态）The foreign guests were given a warm welcome by the villagers.（被动1）A warm welcome was given to the foreign guests by the villagers.（被动2）3。复合宾语结构 这种结构只能将主动语态的宾语改作被动语态的主语。 e.g. They heard someon
10、e singing in the next room.(主动) Someone was heard singing in the next room. (被动)4. 含情态动词的被动结构 含情态动词的句子其被动语态形式是“情态动词+ be+过去分词”。 e.g. The trees should be watered every day. 这些树应每天浇水。 This word can be pronounced in two ways. 这个单词可以有两种发音。5短语动词结构 相当于及物动词的短语动词也可以有被动语态，如 look after, give up , take care of
11、, pay attention to , make use of , put off, wake up , put out 等。e.g. The children must be taken good care of .这些孩子必须得到好的照顾。The big fire has been put out . 大火已被扑灭。特别提醒A只有及物动词和及物短语动词才可以有被动语态不及物动词，不及物短语动词或系动词都不可以有被动语态，如happen, go on , take place , belong to , sound, feel等。e.g. This room belongs to me.
12、.这房子属于我。不可以说：This room is belonged to me .e.g. This music sounds sweet.这音乐听起来很悦耳。不可以说：This music is sounded sweet.B.被动语态只有在强调动作的承受者或不知道动作的执行者时才使用。e.g. This sock is made of silk.这袜子是丝的。（不知道动作的执行者是谁。）English is required in many schools of our country.在我们国家许多学校要求开设英语课。（强调动作的承受者English.）C. 千万不能按中文意思死搬硬套
13、，如句子“你的信我已经收到了。”不能说：Your letter has been received by me .只能说：I have received your letter.D. 主动语态变为被动语态的步骤 1。找出主动语态的宾语，作为被动语态的主语；2。将谓语动词有主动形式变为被动形式；3。有无必要用 by 短语。4。注意被动语态的句式，时态必须主动语态一致。e.g. Have you found your lost book? 你找到你丢的书了吗？（一般问句，现在完成时） Has your lost book been found?你丢的书找到没有？（一般问句，现在完成时）E. 有些动
14、词常用主动形式表示被动意义，如动词act, cook, keep , look , open , write, read, sell , wash 等，这时句子的主语通常是没有生命的。e.g. This hall measures 100 metres long and 60 meters wide. 这个大厅长100米，宽60 米。 This pen sells well in that country. 这种笔在那个国家很好销。F. 在一些固句型中常用被动语态结构，如：It is said that 据说，人们说 It is reported that 据报道 It is hoped th
15、at 人们希望 It is well known that 众所周知 It is believed that人们相信 It must be admitted that必须承认 It must be pointed that必须指出的是练习题1. If city noises _ from increasing，people _ shout to be heard even at dinnerA are not kept；will have toB are not kept；haveC do not keep；will have toD do not keep；have to2. The fifth generation computers, with artifi
