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1、GRE写作张雷东2010年3月7日 课堂笔记The result of survey lacks of credibility because The argue fails to establish the causal relation ship between A and B.In the argument, the arguer cites the evidence that to reach the conclusion that By citing the evidence that , the arguer concludes that To support the conclu
2、sion, the arguer points out that A and that B.In addition, the arguer reasons that 逻辑问题分析示例：ArgumentSample OneHospital statistics regarding people who go to the emergency room after rollerskating accidents indicate the need fore more protective equipment. Within this group of people, 75percent of th
3、ose who had accidents in streets or parking lots were not wearing any protective clothing (helmets, knee pads, etc.) or any light-reflecting material (clip-on lights, glow-in-the-dark wrist pads, ect.). Clearly, these statistics indicate that by investing in high-quality protective gear and reflecti
4、ve equipment, rollerskaters will greatly reduce their risk of being severely injured in an accident.Benchmark 6 - OutstandingThe notion that protective gear reduces the injures suffered in accidents seems at first glance to be an obvious conclusion. After all, it is the intent of these products to e
5、ither prevent accidents from occurring in the first place or to reduce the injuries suffered by the wearer should an accident occur. However, the conclusion that investing in high quality protective gear greatly reduces the risk of being severely injured in an accident may mask other (and potentiall
6、y more significant) causes of injuries and may inspire people to over invest financially and psychologically in protective gear.First of all, as mentioned in the argument, there are two distinct kinds of gear - preventative gear (such as light reflecting material) and protective gear (such as helmet
7、s). Preventative gear is intended to warn others, presumably for the most part motorists, of the presence of the roller skater. It works only if the “other” is a responsible and caring individual who will afford the skater the necessary space and attention. Protective gear is intended to reduce the
8、effect of ant accident, whether it is caused by another, the skater or some force of nature. Protective gear does little, if anything, to prevent accidents but is presumed to reduce the injuries that occur in an accident. The statistics on injuries suffered by skaters would be more interesting if th
9、e skaters were grouped into those wearing no gear at all, those wearing protective gear only, those wearing preventative gear only and those wearing both. These statistics could provide skaters with a clearer understanding of which kinds of gear are more beneficial.The argument above is weakened by
10、the fact that it does not take into account the inherent differences between skaters who wear gear and those who do not. It is at least likely that those who wear gear may be generally more responsible and safety conscious individuals. The skaters who wear gear mat be less likely to cause accidents
11、through careless or dangerous behavior. It may, in fact be their natural caution and responsibility that keeps them out of the emergency room rather than the gear itself. Also, the statistic above is based entirely on those who are skating in streets and parking lots which are relatively dangerous p
12、laces to skate in the first place. People who are generally more safety conscious (and therefore more likely to wear gear) may choose to skate in safer areas such as parks or back yards.The statistic also does not differentiate between severity of injuries. The conclusion that safety gear prevents s
13、evere injuries suggests that it is presumed that people come to the emergency room only with severe injuries. This is certainly not the case . Also, given that skating is a recreational activity that may be primarily engaged in during evening and weekends (when doctors offices are closed), skater wi
14、th less severe injuries may be especially likely to come to the emergency room for treatment.Finally, there is absolutely no evidence provided that high quality (and presumably more expensive) gear is any more beneficial than other kinds of gear. For example, a simple white t-shirt may provide the s
15、ame preventative benefit as a higher quality, more expensive, shirt designed only skating. Before skaters are encouraged to invest heavily in gear, amore complete understanding of the benefit provided by individual pieces of gear would be helpful.The argument for safety gear based in emergency room
16、statistics could provide important information and potentially saves lives. Before conclusions about the amount and kinds of investments that should be made in gear are reached, however, a more complete understanding of the benefits is needed. After all, a false confidence in ineffective gear could be just as dangerous as no gear at all.2010年3月14日 课堂笔记Loaded question 误导问题，倾向性问题Anonymous 匿名 confidential
