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1、,.句子成分:主语、谓语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语一、主语:主语是一个句子所表达的主体,一般位于句首。但在therebe结构、疑问句(当主语不是疑问词时)和倒装句中,主语位于谓语、助动词或神态动词后边。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。比方:Duringthe1990s,Americancountrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.(名词)WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.(代词)One-thirdofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls.(数词)Toswimin
2、theriverisagreatpleasure.(不定式短语)Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.(动名词)Therichshouldhelpthepoor.(名词化的形容词)WhenwearegoingtohaveanEnglishtesthasnotbeendecided.(主语从句)Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage.(it作形式主语,真切的主语为后边的不定式)Itisreportedthat5000peoplewerekilledintheearthquake.(it作形式主语,真切的主语为后边的主语从句)二、谓语:谓语说明主
3、语所做的动作或拥有的特色和状态。动词在句中作谓语,一般放在主语以后。谓语的构成以下:Hepracticesrunningeverymorning.（动词或动词短语）Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.（神态动词+V原）Hehascaughtabadcold.（助动词+V）,.Wearestudents.（系动词+表语）三、表语:表语用以说明主语的身份、特色和状态,它一般位于系动词(如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem等)以后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。比方:Ourteachero
4、fEnglishisanAmerican.(名词)Isityours?(代词)Theweatherhasturnedcold.(形容词)Thespeechisexciting.(分词)Threetimessevenistwentyone?(数词)HisjobistoteachEnglish.(不定式)Hishobby(喜好)isplayingfootball.(动名词)Themachinemustbeoutoforder.(介词短语)Timeisup.Theclassisover.(副词)Thetruthisthathehasneverbeenabroad.(表语从句)四、宾语:宾语表示动作的
5、对象或承爱者,一般位于及物动词和介词后边。Theywenttoseeanexhibition(展览)yesterday.(名词)Theheavyrainpreventedmefromcomingtoschoolontime.(代词)Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?Ihavefive.(数词)Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday.(名词化形容词)Hepretendednottoseeme.(不定式短语),.Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.(动名词短语)Ithink(that)heisnotsu
6、itableforthispost.(宾语从句)Lendme(间接宾语)yourdictionary(直接宾语),please.(双宾语)Theyelectedhim(宾语)theirmonitor(宾补).(复合宾语)五、宾语补足语:英语中有些及物动词,除有一个直接宾语之外,还要有一个宾语补语,才能使句子的意义完好。带有宾语补足语的一般是某些及物动词(如see/watch/observe/notice/hear/feel/make/find/name/call/elect/have/get/leave/keep等+宾语+宾补)和with+宾语+宾补。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、
7、介词短语和从句充当。HisfathernamedhimDongming.(名词)Theypaintedtheirboatwhite.(形容词)Letthefreshairin.(副词)Youmustntforcehimtolendhismoneytoyou.(不定式短语)Wesawherenteringtheroom.(此刻分词)Ihavetohavemyhaircut.（过去分词）Wefoundeverythinginthelabingoodorder.(介词短语)Wewillsoonmakeourcitywhatyourcityisnow.(从句)六、定语:修饰名词或代词。Guilinis
8、abeautifulcity.(形容词)Chinaisadevelopingcountry;Americaisadevelopedcountry.(分词)Therearethirtywomenteachersisourschool.(名词),.HisrapidprogressinEnglishmadeussurprised.(代词)Ourmonitorisalwaysthefirsttogettotheschool.(不定式短语)Theteachingplanfornexttermhasbeenworkedout.(动名词)Heisreadinganarticleabouthowtolearn
9、English.(介词短语)Thebuildingbeingrepairedisourlibrary.(此刻分词短语)Thebuildingcompletedlastmonthisourlibrary.(过去分词短语)Thenewsthatyoutoldmeyesterdayisreallyexciting.（从句）七、状语:修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,说明动作或状态特色的句子成分.Lighttravelsmostquickly.(副词及副词性词组)Hehaslivedinthecityfortenyears.(介词短语)Heisproudtohavepassedthenationalc
10、ollegeentranceexamination.(不定式短语)Heisintheroom,makingamodelplane.(分词短语)Waitaminute.(名词)Onceyoubegin,youmustcontinue.(状语从句)状语种类以下:Howaboutmeetingagainatsix?(时间状语)Lastnightshedidntgotothedancepartybecauseoftherain.(原由状语)Ishallgothereifitdoesntrain.(条件状语),.MrSmithlivesonthethirdfloor.(地点状语)Sheputtheegg
11、sintothebasketwithgreatcare.(方式状语)Shecameinwithadictionaryinherhand.(陪同状语)Inordertocatchupwiththeothers,Imustworkharder.(目的状语)Hewassotiredthathefellasleepimmediately.(结果状语)Sheworksveryhardthoughsheisold.(退步状语)Iamtallerthanheis.(比较状语)八、同位语:解说说明前面另一个名词或代词ImLiHua,presidentofStudentsUnionofouruniversity
12、.（名词短语）MrSmith,ournewteacher,isverykindtous.（名词短语）WeChinesepeoplearebraveandhardworking.（名词短语）Thenewsthathepassedthedrivingtestsurprisedus.（从句）不定式（do/todo）非谓语动词分词（此刻分词doing,过去分词done）动名词（doing）,.考点1非作状不定式作状功能用法原由状多用在某些表示喜、怒、哀、等的形容后目的状可与soasto/inorderto替,但soasto一般不行置于句首果状常表表示想不到的果,常用onlytodoIwassatisf
13、iedtohearthenews.(原由状)TomeetthemoviestarIgotupveryearly.(目的状)Irushedtoschoolonlytofindnobodywasthere.(果状)不定式表果的固定构:only/justto.;too.to.;so/such.enough(forsb.)to.Hewastooscaredtosayaword.asto.;Thegirlwassokindastohelptheoldmanoffthebus.Imnotsuchafoolastobelievethat.Iwasluckyenoughtobeemployed(聘用)asas
14、ecretary(秘).分作状功能用法在分作状,用来表、在分所表示的作与句子主条件、原由、陪同、果等之构成上的主关系,且含有行之意功能去分作状,用来表、条件、原由、陪同等源于系表构的部分去分作状,不表示被关系,表示句子主所的一种状,.用法去分所表示的作与句子主之构成上的被关系,且含有完成之意常的有:seated(坐在)、hidden(藏于)、located(位于)、buriedin(埋于心于)、devotedto(奉献于)、lost/absorbedin(全神注于，陶醉于)、bornin(出身于)、dressedin(穿着)、tiredof(了)、facedwith（面）、addictedto
15、(沉浸于)、occupiedin(忙于)accustomedto(于)等Hearing(hear)thegoodnews,hejumpedwithgreatjoy.Notknowing(know)whattodo,Ihadtowaithere.Thegirlscamein,following(follow)theirparents.Theteachercamein,followed(follow)bysomestudents.Seen(see)fromthehill,thecitylookslikeagarden.Seeing(see)fromthehill,wecanenjoytheviewofthecity.Given(give)moreatte
