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1、Produced by 王承敏Although we now tend to refer to the various crafts accord ing to the materials used to con struct them-clay, glass, wood, fiber, and metal-it was once com mon to think of crafts in terms of function, which led to their being known as the applied arts.”(OG-Applied arts and fine arts )
2、长难句类型：抽象词难度：3语法分析：Although we now tend to refer to the various crafts accord ing to the materials used tocon struct them-clay, glass, wood, fiber, and metal-it was once com mon to thi nk of crafts in terms of fun cti on, which led to their being known as the applied arts.”译文：尽管现在我们倾向于根据工艺品的制造材料一一比如黏
3、土、玻璃、木头、纤维以及金属一一对他们进行分类，但根据工艺品的功能进行分类 （这一做法）在过去曾经很流行，（这 一做法）导致了这些工艺品被称作实用艺术”。解释：这句话的前半句，也就是让步的部分并不难，难就难在后面的转折部分，it是形式主语，真正的主语是to think of crafts in terms of function 这一做法，而后面 which引导的定语 从句也正是修饰前面的to think of crafts in terms of function 这一做法，这句话是全文的第一 句，事实上作者是在做一个背景导入，根据这句话，我们可知，下面要讲的就 是实用艺术”。Produce
4、d by 王承敏Since the laws of physics, not some arbitrary decision, have determined the general form of applied-art objects, they follow basic patter ns, so much so that functional forms can vary only within certa in limits.(OG-Applied arts and fine arts )长难句类型：抽象词+插入语+易混指代难度：4语法分析： Since the laws of ph
5、ysics, not some arbitrary decisi on, have determ ined the gen eral form of applied-art objects, they follow_basic patter ns, so much so that functional forms can vary only within certain limits.译文：因为是物理定律一一而不是随意的结论一一决定了实用艺术品的一 般形式，所以它们 （实用艺术品）遵循基本的样式，这也使得（它们的）功能 形式只能在很小的范围内变化。解释：这句话前半部分的 原因状语从句并不难，难
6、就难在句 子中的they follow basic patterns ” 这个句子中的they到底指代的是什么，并且ETS也针对这里的they出了一道指代题，我 们由前面的原因状语从句可知是物理定律决定 实用艺术品，而这里说 它们”遵循基本样式， basic patterns事实上就是对前 面the laws of physics的对应，因此 they指代 的就是 applied-art objects,明确这点之后，后面的o much so that一句就很 好理解了，和前面的 句子是顺成关系。Produced by 王承敏That this device was a n ecessary
7、structural compromise is clear from the fact that the cannon ball quickly disappeared when sculptors learned how to strengthen the internal structure of a statue with iron braces (iro n being much stron ger tha n bron ze).(OG-Applied arts and fine arts )长难句类型：复杂修饰难度：4语法分析:That (this device was a n e
8、cessary structural compromise) is clear from the fact that the != = i i i i i = 1 u = = = = =_ = *= = = = = =w-lcannon ball quickly disappeared whe n sculptors learned_how to stre ngthe n the in ternal structure of a statue with iron braces (ir on being much stron ger tha n bron ze).译文：当雕塑家学 会如何了用铁支
9、架加强 雕塑的内部结构后（铁比青铜更结实），就不再使 用金属球了，由此看来，铁球的使用是对于必要结构性的妥协。解释：这 个句子难就难在 主干不好找，这个句子的主干其实很简单，就是that is clear”，第 一个fhat”后面是其引导的主语从句，from the fact是目的状语，后面接着第二个fhat”引导 的同位语从句，在这 个同位语从句中又嵌套了一个when”引导的条件状语从句。通过作者 的写法我们也 可以知道这个句子最重要的部分就是 compromise ”。Produced by 王承敏Even though the fine arts in the twentieth cen
10、tury often treat materials in new ways, the basic differenee in attitude of artists in relation to their materials in the fine arts and the applied arts rema ins relatively con sta nt.(OG-Applied arts and fine arts )长难句类型：复杂修饰难度：3语法分析：Even though the fine arts in the twentieth century often treat ma
11、terials in new ways, the basic difference in attitude of artists in relation to their materials in the fine arts and the applied arts remains relatively constant.译文：尽管在20世纪纯工艺品的制作 通常采用新的制造工艺，但 人们对制造 两种工艺品的 艺术家的基本态度仍然不同。解释：这个句子的前半部分是 even though引导的让步状语从句，基本没有难度，关键在于 后面主句作者想表达的意图。后面的主句在主语“he basic dif
12、ference后是一个很长的定语， 定语部分到applied arts结束。句子的表面意思当然就是对两种艺术家的态度不一样，我们通过上文会发现作者想表达的意思就是：尽管 已经是20世纪，人们仍然倾向于把实用艺术和纯艺术分开来看。Produced by 王承敏Extinct but already fully marine cetacea ns are known from the fossil record.(OG-The origins of Cetacean )长难句类型：复杂修饰难度：2语法分析：Extinct but already fully marine cetacea ns ar
13、e known from the fossil record.译文：一些 灭绝了的但已经完全水生的鲸类可以通过化石被了解。解释：这句话 结构非常简单，并且很短，其难点在于主语cetacean前的修饰成分，很多人 恐怕无法理解fully marine ”的意思，因为这样的用法本身就非常少见，要理解其意思还是需 要联系文章的主旨。在这句话之前，作者讲了海象、海豹等鳍足 类动物，说它们与鲸类动物 不同，所以我们就可以大致推断出这里的fully marine 指的是完全生活在海洋中的意思，而 不像鳍足类动物，仍然是两栖的生活状态。Produced by 王承敏Missi ng un til recen
14、 tly were fossils clearly in termediate, or tran siti on al, betwee n land mammals and cetacea ns.(OG -The origins of Cetacean )长难句类型：复杂修饰+倒装难度：3语法分析：Miss ing un til recen tly were fossils clearly in termediate, or tran siti on al, betwee n landmammals and cetacea ns.译文：能清楚的反映陆地哺乳 动物和鲸类之间关系的化石直到最近才被
15、发现。解释：这是一句 倒装 句，正 常的语 序是 Fossils clearly in termediate, or tran siti on al, betwee n land mammals and cetacea ns were miss ing un til recen tly ”，这句话 本来的意思是这样的化石在近期 以前是一直没有找到的，换言之，就是最近被找到了。这句话是 本文第一段话的最后一句， 我们由此可知，作者下面就要开始讲近期被发现的这些 化石了。Produced by 王承敏The gradual drying of the soil caused by its dimi
16、ni shed ability to absorb water results in the further loss of vegetati on, so that a cycle of progressive surface deteriorati on is established.(OG -Desert Formation)长难句类型：复杂修饰难度：2语法分析： The gradual drying of the soil caused by its dimini shed ability to absorb water results in the further loss of vegetati on, so tha
