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1、利用完形填空的设空特点去做完形填空 哈九中 朱凌燕在NMET试题里,其中完形填空是学生失分较多的一部分。完形填空题的难度系数一直在加大(今年除外),这就给英语老师提出一个挑战。那么如何在有限的时间内进行有效的高考辅导,并在此题上有所突破,教师对学生进行正确方法的指导就显得尤为重要了。一完形填空命题特点完型填空是一种立意新、要求高的综合语言测试题。它既是对学生的语言水平的考查,又是对学生的分析能力、判断能力和综合运用能力的检测。完型填空集词语辨析、词的用法及搭配、语法、单句、语篇理解于一体。正可谓“文中无闲句,句中无闲词”。它不但要求考生具备扎实的基础知识,而且还要求考生具备较强的分析理解、逻辑
2、推理能力。下面我将近四年高考的完型填空题材、词数和设空间隔分析一下。表一: 年份 体裁正文词数语言输入量设空平均间隔2002 说明文 271271+90 1352003 记叙文 262262+91 1312004 记叙文 220220+90 112005记叙文 225225+98 103 延续几年来的高考趋势,选材均为具有相对完整故事情节的记叙文,或写人或记事,兼有个别议论的句子。短文有明确的主题,趣味性比较强并兼有一定的教育意义。内容完整,结构严谨,层次分明,逻辑性强。材料难度与高三教材相当。完形填空试题的设计相对稳定,但近两年来的文章较短、设空密集,大家知道,空格与空格之间的长度越长,填空
3、难度就越小,长度越短难度就越大。试题难度略有增加,(尤其2003年和2004年)体现“稳中求发展”的命题指导思想。下面在请看一下近四年完形填空词类、单词和短语的分布情况。表二:年分名词动词形容词副词连词代词介词冠词单词短语2002582410017462003385310007462004552422007282005693110006812 通过此表我们不难看出,选项以实词为主,虚词为辅,这也和完形填空题重视语境有关,而在通常情况下,只有实词才能较好地体现语境。填空以单词为主,词组为辅。但短语搭配逐年有所增多的趋势。一应对策略1方法指导完形填空的设计十分巧妙,从近几年高考试题来看,选项一般为
4、同一词类或同一范畴,如只从句子层面看,有时四个选项中任何一个都可填入相应的空格,但是联系上下文语境,答案则只有一个。这表明,完形填空通常以语境线索为基础,结合不同的手段来设计。基于这点,今天我借此机会再谈一谈“利用完形填空的设空特点去做完形填空”。我希望能对各位有所借鉴。1利用上下文设计文章是一个具有内在联系的整体,而上下文则是营造语境的基础。这种设计手法,主要考查学生结和全文结构和意义根据上下文提供的信息进行理解、分析以及推理的能力。这种设计手法在高考完形填空中比例最大。例如:(1)Eds big stomach has always ballooned out between his T-
5、shirt and trousers. Although the family often joked about that, Ed refused to buy a 48 T-shirt or to lose weight.(NMET2003) A. clean B. larger C. straight D. darker【简析】从上文可以看出,Ed的大肚子总是从裤子和T恤衫之间露出来,而家人常拿此开玩笑。所以根据上文以及refused一词推出Ed拒绝买一个大一点的T恤衫。B项符合题意。 (2). My words! He was reading my words out loud to
6、the whole class, 53 laughed, then the whole class was laughing with open hearted enjoyment. I did my best not to show 54 , but what I was feeling was pure happiness.(NMENT2004)53. A. People B. Nobody C. Somebody D. I54. A. shock B. wonder C. worry D. pleasure【简析】从下文then the whole class was laughing可
7、以推出53题答案应为C项。从后文的pleasure一词可以推出54题答案应为D项。第一段材料主要是通过上文来获得信息。第二段材料是通过下文获得的信息。这两段材料的特点是,正确答案由一个单词或一个句子决定,有的由相邻的一组句子决定。此类设空具有单词层次、句子层次、句组层次等特点。其难易程度为略简单,容易入手。但是有些选项在特定的语境中所表达的隐含信息是无法凭字面上或单从个别句子甚至若干句子的表面理解获知。这就大大加强了干扰项的迷惑性,从而提高了试题的难度。请看下面一个短文。(3)More than I realized, Dad has helped me keep my balance.Whe
8、n I was growing up, I was embarrassed to be seen with my father. He was severely disabled and very short, and when we would walk together, his hand on my arm for balance, . . . .He has been gone many years now, but I think of him often. I wonder if he sensed I was unwilling to be seen with him durin
9、g our walks. Now that I am older, Im sorry that I never told him how sorry I was for my feeling ashamed to be his daughter. I think of him when I complain about trifles(something unimportant), when I am envious of anothers good fortune, and when I dont possess a “good heart”.At such times I put my h
10、and on his arm to_my balance, “You set the pace. I will try to follow you.A. find B. keep C. refill D. regain【简析】 此题干扰项为B。因为根据短文的第一句More than I realized, Dad has helped me keep my balance. 但是如果综观一下全文,尤其是文章结尾叙述I think of him when I complain about trifles(something unimportant), when I am envious of a
11、nothers good fortune, and when I dont possess a “good heart” “此时我重新找回了我的平衡”。.不难判断出C项为正确答案。 此空属于语篇层次,其难易程度为略难。反映出“突出语篇”的命题思路,考生必须从上下文的语境中去把握选项词义与全文内容的统一。1利用词语的固定搭配和习惯表达设计英语中词语的固定搭配种类繁多,包括各种固定词组、习语和习惯用法等。例如:(1)“But they are_30_damage to our houses and shops of historical interest,” said John Norris, o
12、ne of the protesters(NMET1999) (2)A. doing B. raising C. putting D. producing固定搭配“do damage to” 意为“损害、破坏”(2) Elizabeth Clay decided to go home and spend the holiday with her parents. The next day she drove her old car home along the road. Suddenly she found she got a flat. The 22-year-old student ma
13、naged to stop her car by the side of the road in the winter night and opened the trunk. No_ 38_tire.A. spare B. free C. full D. empty 这是一个习惯表达方式,spare常和tire连用,来表达“备用轮胎。” 3利用词语辨析设计完形填空的另一命题特点是利用相似词语,即选项中所给的四个词词相同词形相近。如果脱离语境或只看句子的一部分,此类题可能会有两个或两个以上的正确答案。这类题主要考查学生的词汇运用能力。这种题近年这种题近年来占有较大比重。例如: (1) The m
14、an had a newspaper open in front of him, which he was pretending to read, but I could 40 that he keeping an eye on me.(NMET2005)A. see B. find C. guess D. learn 【简析】40. A 作者可以看出(see)那个人一直在窥视他。see意为“发觉,注意,看见”;find意为“发现,找到,感到”;guess意为“猜测,推测,认为”;learn意为“获悉,了解,认识到”。(2)Today, the use of cosmetics is acce
15、pted everywhere, and it is_to see women and girls making up in public. The cosmetics industry is one of the largest in the country.A. normal B. common C. ordinary D. usual【简析】根据上文,现如今,化妆已广泛为人们所接受,所以看到妇女和女孩在公共场所化妆是常见的事情。故选B项。common意思是“常见的”。4. 利用语法知识设计对词法基础知识的考查也是完形填空题的命题角度之一。一些基础的语法、词法知识欠缺或掌握不牢也容易造成误选。对于这种题,学生不仅要理解上下文的逻辑关系,更要有针对性,对语法结构、句式特