不定式的用法.doc

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1、不定式的用法 不定式是动词的一种非谓语形式,它一般由虚词(或称不定式符号)to作为标记,如to study, to work等,但在某些情况下也可以不带to。不定式可以有自己的宾语或状语。带有宾语或状语的不定式叫不定式短语。下面具体谈谈动词不定式的用法。 (一)动词不定式作主语 动词不定式作主语一定要带to,谓语动词用单数。如: To answer this question is easy. 为了避免句子“头重脚轻”,英语中往往用it代替不定式,作先行主语(形式主语),将动词不定式后置。如: To study foreign languages is very important. It i

2、s very important to study foreign languages. 作形式主语的it只是一个引导词,没有具体意义。it 在以下句型中也用作形式主语: It takes (sb) + 时间词+不定式+其它,意为“花费(某人)多少时间做某事”。如: It took her three years to learn Chinese. It will take me two hours to finish my homework. How long did it take you to get there? 注意:当动词不定式作主语时,如果是疑问句,通常用it 作形式主语。如:

3、Does it cost you a lot of money to collect stamps? (二)不定式作表语 不定式用于be 动词后作表语。如: My wish is to become a scientist. 注意:不定式作表语,to 常省略。如: All I did was (to) press the button. (三)不定式作宾语 不是所有的动词后面都能用不定式作宾语。在英语中,常用不定式作宾语的动词有:hope(希望), wish(希望), learn(学习), like(想), want(想要), try(试图、努力), ask(要求、请求), plan(打算),

4、 decide(决定), start(开始), manage(设法), agree(同意), intend(打算、意欲)等。如: They all want to watch the football game. It started to rain when we got home. He tried to move the table but couldnt.注意:He used to go to school by bus中的used to go不能理解为“to go”作used的宾语。事实上,usedto+动词原形(过去经常)是英语中的一种特定结构,用于表示过去经常而现在不再有的习惯。

5、例如: My father used to smoke a lot, but he doesnt now. 我父亲以前经常抽烟,但现在不抽了。 而“be used to +动词-ing”则表示“习惯于”。例如: He is used to getting up early. 另外,happen to+动词原形(碰巧)表示偶然发生。如: I happened to see him in the street. 我碰巧在街上看到他。 It happened that I saw him in the street.(注意与上句的句子结构不同) (四)know 接不定式作宾语需采用“疑问词+不定式”

6、的结构 英语中,有些动词后面不能用不定式作宾语,但可以用“疑问词+不定式”的结构作宾语。如: He doesnt know what to do. He doesnt know how to do it. 动词show, tell, teach, wonder可以用“疑问词+不定式”作直接宾语。 The teacher showed us how to use a computer. 有些动词既可以用不定式作宾语也可以用“疑问词+不定式”作宾语。如: We have decided to hold the English Evening. We havent decided when to h

7、old the English Evening. “疑问词 +不定式”的结构大都可以扩展为从句,如: I dont know where to find her. (五)不定式作宾语补足语 不定式用作宾语补足语时,前面一定要有一个宾语,宾语与宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语,它们大都是主谓关系。如: He asked me to turn down the radio. me 是宾语,turn down the radio是宾语补足语。 I told them to go by bus. I wish you to go. 注意:hope, suggest 不能用不定式作宾语。 不定式作宾语补足语常

8、用在下列谓语动词之后:want(想要), tell(吩咐), ask(要、请), invite(邀请), order(命令), allow(允许), expect(期望), require(要求), advise(劝告、建议), warn(警告)等。 注意:不定式作宾语补足语在下列两种情况下不能带to: 1.谓语动词是使役动词make, let, have(当这三个动词后接不定式作宾语时,都表示“使”、“让”的意思)时,如: The sun makes everything grow. 太阳使万物生长。 注意:make +反身代词+过去分词表示“让别人怎样”。如: She couldnt ma

9、ke herself understood. 她无法让别人明白她的意思。 He tried to make himself heard. 他设法让别人听见他说的话。 2. 谓语动词是感官动词see, watch, hear, notice, feel, listen to, look at, observe(观察)等时,如: I saw the man come out of the office. 注意:谓语动词是help,作宾语或宾语补足语的不定式可省略 to。如: Can anyone help me (to) fill in the form?(六)不定式用作主语补足语都要带to Th

10、ey made him leave his own country.(不定式作宾补) He was made to leave his own country.(不定式作主补) (七) 不定式作定语 不定式作定语要放在被修饰语之后。如: Do you have anything to say? 注意:不定式作定语时,如果是不及物动词,一般应带有相应的介词,才能使意思完整。如: I need a room to work in. (八) 不定式作状语 1. 表示目的,通常放在句末,如要加强语气,也可放在句首。如: I got up early to catch the bus. To catch

11、 the bus, I got up early. 注意:不定式表示目的,可以用in order to, so as to,但so as to 不能用于句首。如: I went there to / in order to / so as to study English. 2. 表示结果,一般用enough to(足够), tooto(太而不能)等结构。如: She was too excited to say a word. She was so excited that she couldnt say a word. He is too young to go to school. He

12、 is not old enough to go to school. 注意:enough 要放在形容词或副词的后面。 3. 表示原因,常用“be+形容词+不定式”结构。如: Im glad to meet you. 注意:不定式表示原因时一般由人作主语。 (九) 动词不定式的否定形式 动词不定式的否定形式为:not+不定式。如: Our teacher asked us not to be late again.(十) 不定式的复合结构 英语中,当it 作形式主语时,有for sb to do sth和of sb to do sth两种情况。试比较: It is good for you t

13、o take exercises every day. It is good of you to come to see me. for sb to do sth 表示“做某件事对某人怎么样”,而“of sb to do sth”则是用形容词来说明人物性格、特征,表示“某人怎样”。常用的形容词有:good, kind, nice, clever, silly, foolish等。 注意:of sb to do sth句型一般都可以转换成一个不定式作状语的句子,而 for sb to do sth 句型则不能。二、考题链接与分析1. The doctor thought _would be good for you to have a holiday.(2010 全国II卷) A. this B. that C. one D. it答案为D。从句中的形式主语是it,而for you to have a holiday 是真正的主语。2.When he _the door, he found his keys were nowhere.(2009 湖南) A. would open B. Opened C. had opened D. was to open

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