《语言学概论知识汇总》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《语言学概论知识汇总（10页珍藏版）》请在金锄头文库上搜索。
1、第一章Invitation to Linguistics1. Definition of language：Language is a system of vocal (and written) symbols with meaning attached that is used for human communication of thoughts and feelings.2. Design features of language(语言的普遍特征)：. Arbitrariness 任意性：The forms of linguistic signs generally bear no na
2、tural relationship to the meanings they carry. Duality 二重性：Human language has two levels of structures: the primary meaningful level of morphemes, words, phrases, sentences and the secondary meaningless level of sounds. The units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level,
3、and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization. Creativity 创造性：Language is resourceful because of its duality and recursiveness. Displacement移位性：Human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present in time and space at the moment of co
4、mmunication.3. Functions of language1) Informative function2) Interpersonal function人际功能3) Performative (行为) function4) Emotive function5) Phatic (寒暄) function6) Recreational function7) Metalingual function（元语言功能）指用语言去说明或解释语言的功能4. Main branches of linguistics：Main branches of linguistics (microlingu
5、istics微观) and interdisciplinary（跨领域、跨学科）fields of linguistics (macrolinguistics宏观)1) Main branches of linguistics:(1) Phonetics发音学，语音学;(2) Phonology;（音位学、语音体系）(3) Morphology 词法/ Lexicology词汇学;(4) Syntax句法;(5) Semantics语义学(6) Pragmatics语用学：研究特定情境中的特定话语，在不同的语言交际环境中如何理解和运用语言 附：phonetics与phonology的区别：ph
6、onology：从功能角度出发，对出现在某种特定语言中的语音及组合、分布规律进行研究的语言学分支。Phonology aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication phonetics:研究语言的自然属性，人是如何发出声音的，音与音之间如何组合，如何分类等等。the study of the characteristics of human sounds used i
7、n speechl 简单说，如果一个人发音不准，对于phonologist来说，并没有什么影响，因为他只研究语音表达的意思，只要这个意思表达了，它的功能就达到了。他不研究语音的发音，只研究语音的功用。而对photicist来说，发音非常重要，发音不同，则研究对象不同，因为他就是研究声音的！2) Interdisciplinary fields of linguistics (macrolinguistics):(1) Psycholinguistics语言心理学: Study of language from the perspective of psychology.(2) Sociolin
8、guistics社会语言学: Study of language from the perspective of sociology.(3) Anthropological linguistics人类语言学: Study of language from the perspective of anthropology.(4) Computational linguistics计算语言学: Study of the use of computers to process or produce human language.5. Important distinctions in linguist
9、ics语言学中的重要区别 1) Prescriptive规定的 vs. descriptive叙述的: How language ought to be used vs. how language is actually used 2) Synchronic共时的vs. diachronic历时的: Study of language from a relatively static point of view vs. study of language from a developmental point of view3) Langue语言 and parole言语: The lingui
10、stic competence of the speaker and his actual utterances (p.21)4) Competence语言能力and performance语言行为: A language users underlying knowledge about the system of rules and his actual use of language in concrete situations. 第二章Speech Sounds语音1. the IPA国际音标2. Classification of speech sounds1) Consonants：
11、Consonants are sounds, produced with at least two articulators, which have some recognizable obstruction of the air stream sent for the production of the sound2) VowelsVowels are sounds produced with free flow of air stream (no recognizable obstruction), sent for the production of the sound, which i
12、s shaped into various forms by the tongue in the oral cavity（口腔）3. The phoneme音素/音位, allophone音位变体and distinctive features区别a) The phoneme and allophones:The phoneme is an abstract concept抽象概念and the smallest phonological unit that refers to a family of sounds which are similar in pronunciation and
13、are in complementary distribution互补分布. The various members of the phoneme are called its allophonesb) Distinctive features of phonemes：Phonetic features that can distinguish phonemes from one another, including features of voice and voicelessness, features of the manner of articulation, and features
14、 of the place of articulation4. Phonological processes and rules:1) Assimilation：同化Assimilation is a phonological process in which one sound is affected by another and becomes similar to it, or two sounds affect each other and become alikel progressive assimilation 顺同化regressive assimilation 逆同化reci
15、procal assimilation相互同化2）Epenthesis 增音 / 插音Epenthesis is a phonological process in which an extra sound (consonant or vowel) is inserted or added between two sounds in a word or between two words. It is to ease the pronunciation of transition between the two sounds or words5. Suprasegmentals (超切分音位)
16、1) Syllable: onset节首, nucleus节核, coda节尾 A syllable is a group of phonemes or one phoneme which is a relatively independent unit of pronunciation and is the building blocks of words. A syllable is open if it ends in a vowel, closed if it ends in a consonant 2）Stress：重音Stress is a relative term which refers to the degree of force used in p
