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1、1. autonomous: independent, able to take decisions without consulting a higher authority 2. decentralization: dividing an organization into decision-making units that are not centrally controlled. 3. function: a specific activity in a company, . production, marketing, finance 4. hierarchy: system of
2、 authority with different levels, one above the other. 5. line authority: the power to give instructions to people at the level below in the chain of command6. report to: to be responsible to someone and to take instructions from him or her 7. subordinates: people working under someone else in a hie
3、rarch8. industrial belt: an area with lots of industrial companies, around the edge of a city9. wealth: the products of economic activity10. productivity: the amount of output produced (in a certain period, using a certain number of inputs11. corporate ethos: a companys ways of working and thinking1
4、2. collaboration: working together and sharing ideas13. insulated or isolated: alone, placed in a position away from others14. fragmentation: breaking something up into pieces15. motivate :To inspire, to induce, to give a reason or incentive to someone to do something.16. employee: A person employed
5、 by someone else, working for money.17. labor relations: Relations between employers and employees, managers and workers, management and unions.18. responsibility: Having control of something as part of your job19. wages: Money paid (per hour or day or week) to manual workers20. salary: A fixed regu
6、lar payment made by employers, usually, for professional or office work.21. benefits or perks: Advantages that come with a job, apart from wages or salary.22. promotion: To be raised to a higher rank or better job. security: Knowing that there is little risk of losing ones job.24. skilled: Having pa
7、rticular abilities, acquired by training.25. subcontractor : Any company that provides goods or services for another one26. component : Any of the pieces or parts that make up a product, machine, etc. or contracting out : Buying products or processed materials from other companies rather than manufa
8、cturing them28. capacity : The (maximum) rate of output that can be achieved from a production process29. plant : The buildings, machines, equipment and other facilities used in the production process30. location : The geographical situation of a factory or other facility: 31. inventory : The stock
9、of any item or resource used in an organization (including raw materials, parts, supplies, work in process and finished products) 32. lead time : The time needed to perform an activity . to manufacture or deliver something) channel: all the companies or individuals involved in moving a particular ki
10、nd of goods or service from the producer to the consumer. launch a product: to introduce a new product onto the market. opportunities: possibilities of filling unsatisfied needs in sectors in which a company can profitably produce goods or services research: collecting, analyzing and reporting data
11、relevant to a specific marketing situation (such as a proposed new product) segmentation: dividing a market into distinct groups of buyers who have different requirements or buying habits: wrappers and containers in which products are sold of sale: places where goods are sold to the public shops, st
12、ores, kiosks, market stalls, etc. concept: an idea for a new product, which is tested with target consumers before the actual product is developed features: attributes or characteristics of a product: quality, price, reliability, etc. representative: someone who contacts existing and potential custo
13、mers, and tries to persuade them to buy goods or services advertising: free advertising, when satisfied customers recommend products to their friends. or prestige advertising: advertising that mentions a companys name but not specific products. agencies: companies that handle advertising for clients
14、. account: a contract with a company to produce its advertising. advertising budget: the amount of money a company plans to spend in developing its advertising and buying media time or space. brief: the statement of objectives of an advertising campaign that a client works out with an advertising ag
15、ency. campaign: the advertising of a particular product or service during a particular period of time. customers or target market: a defined set of customers whose needs a company plans to satisfy. planners: the people who choose where to advertise, in order to reach the right customers. threshold e
16、ffect: the fact that a certain amount of advertising is necessary to attract a prospective customers attention. comparative-parity method: choosing to spend the same amount on advertising as ones competitors. advertising: advertising during periods or seasons when sales are normally relatively poor.: writing down the details of transactions (debits and credits): keep
