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1、 .wd.本科毕业设计外文文献及译文文献、资料题目：Changing roles of the clients Architects and contractors Through BIM 文献、资料来源：Engineering, Construction, Archi-tectual Management 文献、资料发表出版日期：2010.2院 部：专 业： 班 级：姓 名：学 号： 指导教师：翻译日期：外文文献：Changing roles of the clients,architects and contractorsthrough BIMRizal SebastianTNO Buil
2、t Environment and Geosciences, Delft, The NetherlandsAbstractPurpose This paper aims to present a general review of the practical implications of building information modelling (BIM) based on literature and case studies. It seeks to address the necessity for applying BIM and re-organising the proces
3、ses and roles in hospital building projects. This type of project is complex due to complicated functional and technical requirements, decision making involving a large number of stakeholders, and long-term development processes.Design/methodology/approach Through desk research and referring to the
4、ongoing European research project InPro, the framework for integrated collaboration and the use of BIM are analysed. Through several real cases, the changing roles of clients, architects, and contractors through BIM application are investigated.Findings One of the main findings is the identification
5、 of the main factors for a successful collaboration using BIM, which can be recognised as “POWER: product information sharing (P),organisational roles synergy (O), work processes coordination (W), environment for teamwork (E), andreference data consolidation (R). Furthermore, it is also found that t
6、he implementation of BIM in hospital building projects is still limited due to certain commercial and legal barriers, as well as the fact that integrated collaboration has not yet been embedded in the real estate strategies of healthcare institutions.Originality/value This paper contributes to the a
7、ctual discussion in science and practice on the changing roles and processes that are required to develop and operate sustainable buildings with the support of integrated ICT frameworks and tools. It presents the state-of-the-art of European research projects and some of the first real cases of BIM
8、application in hospital building projects.Keywords Europe, Hospitals, The Netherlands, Construction works, Response flexibility, Project planningPaper type General review1. IntroductionHospital building projects, are of key importance, and involve significant investment,and usually take a long-term
9、development period. Hospital building projects are also very complex due to the complicated requirements regarding hygiene, safety, special equipments, and handling of a large amount of data. The building process is very dynamic and comprises iterative phases and intermediate changes. Many actors wi
10、th shifting agendas, roles and responsibilities are actively involved, such as: the healthcare institutions, national and local governments, project developers, financial institutions, architects, contractors, advisors, facility managers, and equipmentmanufacturers and suppliers. Such building proje
11、cts are very much influenced, by the healthcare policy, which changes rapidly in response to the medical, societal and technological developments, and varies greatly between countries (World Health Organization, 2000). In The Netherlands, for example, the way a building project in the healthcare sec
12、tor is organised is undergoing a major reform due to a fundamental change in the Dutch health policy that was introduced in 2008.The rapidly changing context posts a need for a building with flexibility over its lifecycle. In order to incorporate life-cycle considerations in the building design, con
13、struction technique, and facility management strategy, a multidisciplinary collaboration is required. Despite the attempt for establishing integrated collaboration, healthcare building projects still faces serious problems in practice, such as: budget overrun, delay, and sub-optimal quality in terms
14、 of flexibility, end-users dissatisfaction, and energy inefficiency. It is evident that the lack of communication and coordinationbetween the actors involved in the different phases of a building project is among the most important reasons behind these problems. The communication between different s
15、takeholders becomes critical, as each stakeholder possesses different set of skills. As a result, the processes for extraction, interpretation, and communication of complex designinformation from drawings and documents are often time-consuming and difficult. Advanced visualisation technologies, like
16、 4D planning have tremendous potential to increase the communication efficiency and interpretation ability of the project team members. However, their use as an effective communication tool is still limited and not fully explored (Dawood and Sikka, 2008). There are also other barriers in the information transfer and integration,
