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1、 英语翻译技巧与实践1讲义与练习 外国语学院 英语专业08级Translation (E-C) Materials for English Major 2008INTRODUCTIONI. Principles or Criteria of Translation1. Translation Criteria of ChinaThe so-called principles and criteria of translation are actually the two sides of the same thing. The former lays emphasis on the trans
2、lator, who should follow them while translating; while the latter on the reader or critic, who may use the criteria to evaluate translation works. Whenever principles or criteria of translation are under discussion in China, Yan Fus “three-character guide” , which was first proposed in 1898, would e
3、voke controversy, namely, the principle of “信、达、雅” (faithfulness expressiveness and elegance ).In the past decades Mr. Yans principle of translation has been generally regarded as a plumb-line for measuring the professional level of translation and a goal for translators to strive after. However, in
4、 the application of this principle, people have come to find some limitations to the three characters and put forward a variety of new standards instead.Some opinions are expressed on the principle of faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance. The first group maintains the original three characters,
5、 and in the meantime, adds some new concepts to the character “雅”. According to them, “雅” means far more than the English word “elegance”. Apart from the traditional interpretation, it also means classicism, the adherence to the original style and flavor. The second group, however, argues that the w
6、ord “雅” is out of place in translation. While adopting the first two characters of Mr. Yan Fus principle, it discards the character “雅兴” and tries to find some other new criteria instead. Noticeably, there are revisions such as “信、达、切(faithfulness, expressiveness and closeness ), proposed by Liu Zho
7、ngde (刘重德). He points out that faithfulness is in content, expressiveness in language and closeness is to the style of the original work. “信达贴” (faithfulness, expressiveness and fitness), and so on. The third group of people by casting away the three-word guide propose some new principles or criteri
8、a of translation of their own. Of the various popular theories two of them are most influential: spiritual conformity (神似) and sub-limed adaptation (化境) The former, proposed by Fu Lei（傅雷）, emphasizes the reproduction of the spirit or the flavor of the original, while the latter, advocated by Qian Zh
9、ongshu（钱钟书）, focuses on the translators smooth and idiomatic Chinese version for the sake of the Chinese reader. Lu Xun (鲁迅) has proposed “faithfulness and smoothness” as the criteria of translation and talked about the relationship between them. The value of a translation lies in its faithfulness t
10、o the original text. Professor Xu Yuanzhong (许渊冲) has raised his own principle of translation in his book The Art of TranslationXu has summed up his literary translation theories in the following words: “Art of beautification and creation of the best as in rivalry (美化之艺术，创优似竞赛).” By “beautification”
11、(三美论) Xu means a translated work should be as beautiful as the original in sense, in sound and in form; by “ization” (三化论), Xu includes equalization(equivalence), generalization and particularization; by “ion” (三之论) he implies comprehension (understanding), appreciation (enjoyment), and admiration (
12、delight).2. Translation Criteria of Western ScholarsEugene A. Nida made a distinction between formal equivalence and dynamic equivalence. By “formal equivalence”, Nida refers to a faithful reproduction of form elements in a source text, and by “dynamic equivalence” equivalence of extra-inguistic eff
13、ects of translation.The British translation theorist Peter Newmark has put forward semantic translation and communicative translation. He puts translation methods in the form of a flattened V diagram (Newmark，2001：45).Despite the variety of opinions, two criteria are almost unanimously accepted, nam
14、ely, the criterion of faithfulness/accuracy (忠实/准确) and that of smoothness(流畅). We may also take these two criteria as the principles of translation in general. By faithfulness/accuracy, we mean to be faithful not only to the original contents, to the original meaning and views, but also to the orig
15、inal form and style. By smoothness, we mean not only easy and readable rendering, but also idiomatic expression in the target language, free from stiff formula and mechanical copying from dictionaries.IV. Literal Translation and Free Translation直译: “literal translation “ or “word-for-word translatio
16、n” 意译 as “liberal translation” or “free translation”These terms do not really make much sense. For example, a “word-for-word” translation even between two close languages of the same family in most cases will make no sense. As for “free translation”, the translator is never really “free”, but is always restricted by the source text. Literal translation and free translation, however, are relative concepts. In other words, there is no absolute “literal”, n
