《(完整版)英语句子成分及结构专题.doc》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《(完整版)英语句子成分及结构专题.doc（14页珍藏版）》请在金锄头文库上搜索。
1、(完整版)英语句子成分及结构专题一、句子成分(Members of a Sentence)英语的句子成分主要有六种：即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。（可以熟记为:主谓宾,定状补）除了这六种主要成分之外，还有“表语”、“同位语和“独立成分的说法。但表语和系动词一起作谓语,因此划分成分时，划分在谓语上。同位语分为主语同位语和宾语同位语，属于主语或宾语的一部分。独立成分与句子的其他成分没有语法上的联系，能用作独立成分的有：感叹词、呼语和插入语.1.主语：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体,一般位于句首，通常由名词性的词来充当。可以作主语的词性或语法结构有：名词 代词 数词 名词化的形容词（如the r
2、ich）不定式 动名词 主语从句等表示。例如：Tom is a clever boy。（专有名词人名作主语）画出句子的主语，并说明其构成方式：During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular. We often speak English in class。One-third of the students in this class are girls。To swim in the river is a great pleasure.Smoking does harm to the health
3、。The rich should help the poor。When we are going to have an English test has not been decided。It is necessary to master a foreign language.That he isnt at home is not true.正确运用主语的各种形式2.谓语：谓语由动词充当，说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：（1)简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。例如：He practises running every morning.(动词practi
4、se作谓语)We usually listen to the music on weekends.（动词短语listen to作谓语）（2）复合谓语：由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成.例如：You may keep the book for two weeks。 He has caught a bad cold. 由系动词加表语构成。系动词不能单独作谓语，要和表语一起作谓语。例如：We are students。Your idea sounds great。画出句子的谓语，并说明其构成方式：My sister is crying over there.I have been waiting
5、 for you all the time。I would stay at home all day。正确运用主语的各种形式3。表语:表语多是形容词,用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be， keep, stay, remain， seem， appear， look, smell, sound， feel, taste， become， get， grow， go， turn， prove等）之后。可以作表语的词性或语法结构有：名词 代词 数词 分词不定式 动名词 介词短语副词表语从句等表示。例如：She is very beautiful.（形容词作表语）画出句子的表语，
6、并说明其构成方式：Our teacher of English is an American. Is it yours？ The weather has turned cold. The speech is exciting. Three times seven is twenty one.His job is to teach English.His hobby is playing football。 The machine must be under repair. The truth is that he has never been abroad。正确运用主语的各种形式4.宾语:宾语
7、由名词性的词充当,表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。宾语分为动词宾语和介词宾语，分别构成动宾结构和介宾结构。可以作表语的词性或语法结构有：名词 代词 数词 名词化的分词 不定式 动名词 宾语从句等表示。例如：They went to see an exhibition yesterday.（名词作动宾）画出句子的表语，并说明其构成方式：They planted many trees yesterday。 How many dictionaries do you have？ -I have five。 They helped the old with their housewo
8、rk yesterday. I wanted to buy a car. He pretended not to see me.I enjoy listening to popular music.I think（that)he is fit for his office.正确运用主语的各种形式5. 补语：（1）宾语补足语：英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补足语，才能使句子的意义完整。宾语补足语和宾语构成逻辑上的主谓关系，换句话说，在意思上,宾语相当于宾补的主语.带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等）+宾语+宾补。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分
9、词、介词短语和从句充当。可以作表语的词性或语法结构有：名词 形容词 可作表语的副词 不定式 分词 介词短语 从句等表示。例如：Disney called it Mickey Mouse.（专有名词作宾补）画出句子的表语，并说明其构成方式：His father named him Dongming. They painted their boat white. Let the fresh air in. You mustnt force him to lend his money to you。 We saw her entering the room。We found everything i
10、n the lab in good order。We will soon make our city what your city is now.I want your homework done on time.正确运用主语的各种形式(2）主语补足语：对主语的补充.含有宾语补足语的句子在变成被动语态，宾语作主语时，原来的宾补就成了主语补足语。例如:He was elected monitor。She was found singing in the next room.He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.6。定语:定语是对名词或代词起修
11、饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用“的”表示。定语通常位于被修饰的成分前.可以作表语的词性或语法结构有：形容词 名词 代词 数词 副词不定式 动名词 分词 介词短语 从句。例如：Guilin is a beautiful city。（形容词作定语）在英语中，许多情况下,定语是放在所修饰词后面的,这点与汉语习惯不同,也是许多同学不能读懂长句的主要原因。例如：形容词短语作定语一般放在所修饰词之后。单个形容词作定语一般放在所修饰词之前,而形容词短语作定语一般放在所修饰词之后。例如：The next man is a scientist。（下一个)The man next to me is a
12、scientist。(我旁边的那个人）副词用作定语一般要后置。例如: People there are very friendly。 (那儿的人们）He didnt like the man downstairs. （楼下的那个人）介词短语作定语时要后置。例如：The boy under the tree is Tom。（树下的那个男孩）The tallest boy in our class is John。（我们班最高的那个男孩)现在分词短语、过去分词短语、动词不定式作定语常后置。I have something to say。 (直译:我有要说的话）The boy crying over
13、 there is my classmate.（在那边哭的那个男孩）The house built last year is impressive.(去年建的那座房子）口头翻译下列句子,用下画线标出定语部分，留意定语的位置,并说明其构成方式The letter on the desk is for Mr。 Wu.The woman with a baby in her arms is his mother。We need a place twice larger than this one。She carried a basket full of eggs。Its a book worth n
14、o more than one dollar。Its a city far from the coast。He has money enough to buy a car.The man downstairs was trying to sleep.There are lots of places of interest needing repairing in our city。Tigers belonging to meateating animals feed on meat.A boy calling himself John wanted to see you。He picked u
15、p a wallet lying on the ground on the way back home。There are many clothes to be washed. Most of the singers invited to the party were from America.Then the great day came when he was to march past the palace in the team。Life here is really comfortable。Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.China is a developing country; America is a developed country.He w
