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1、动词时态和语态动词的时态作谓语的动词用来表示动作（情况）发生时间的各种形式称为时态。英语中一共有16个时态：一般现在时现在进行时现在完成时现在完成进行时一般过去时过去进行时过去完成时过去完成进行时一般将来时将来进行时将来完成时将来完成进行时一般过去将来时过去将来进行时过去将来完成时过去将来完成进行时各个时态的构成法，大体上可以归纳如下：1)一般时态：A一般现在时用动词原形，但第三人称后要加词尾-sB一般过去时用过去式C一般将来时用shall或will加动词原形D一般过去将来时用should 或would加动词原形2）进行时态：助动词be 加主要动词的现在分词；3）完成时态：助动词have加主要
2、动词的过去分词；4）完成进行时态：助动词have加been加主要动词的现在分词；这些时态形式可以用下表表示：一般时态进行时态完成时态完成进行时态现在writewritesam/is/are writinghas have writtenhas have been writing过去wrotewaswere writinghad writtenhad been writing将来shallwill writeshallwill be writingshallwill have writtenshallwill have been writing过去将来shouldwould writeshoul
3、d will be writingshouldwould have writtenshouldwould have been writing1. 一般现在时一般现在时主要由动词原形表示，但第三人称后要加词尾-s ，另外，be 和have有特殊的人称形式。这些形式可表示如下：肯定式一般动词动词 to be动词to haveI know it.You know it.He/She knows it.We / You/ They know it.I am a student.You are a student.He/ She is a student.We/You/They are students
4、I have a pen.You have a pen.He/She has a pen.We/You/Theyhave pens.一般疑问式一般动词动词 beDo you (I , we, they) know it?Does he /she know it? Are you (we, they) students ?Is he/ she a student?否定式 一般动词动词beI (You , We, They ) do not know it.He/ She does not know it.I am not a student.He/ She is not a student.We
5、 (You, They ) are not students.注：动词 （有）的疑问式和否定式可以上述两种方式构成，美国人用第一种方式， 英国人用第二种方式 （现在用第一种方式的人也逐渐多了）：1 美国英语Do you have a pen ? I dont have a pen.Does he have a pen? He doesnt have a pen.2 英国英语 Have you a pen ? I havent a pen.Has he a pen? He hasnt a pen.一般现在时主要表示：1). 表示经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频度的时间状语连用。时间状语：ever
6、y , sometimes, always, often, seldom很少, rarely难得, never从不, on Sunday etc.e.g. I leave home for the school at 7 every morning.It seldom snows here.2). 表示现在的状态,特征.She is always ready to help others.He loves sports.3). 普遍真理：Light travels faster than sound.The earth moves around the sun.Columbus proved
7、that the earth is round. 4). 在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，用一般现在时表示将来.If it rains tomorrow, well have to put off the meeting.When I graduate, Ill go to the countryside.5). 表示按计划,规定(时间表)要发生的动作,但仅限少数动词.e.g. begin, come, leave, go, arrive, start, stop, return, open, close, be ，etc. Classes begin at 7:30.The train st
8、arts at nine in the morning.6) 表示状态和感觉的动词常用一般现在时,不用现在进行时e.g. be, like, hate, love, think, remember, , believe, hope, need , prefer, recognize, mean, belong, remain, seem, look, doubt, feel, hear, suggest, show, mind, find, sound, knowWe love the Party. The story sounds very interesting.7) 电影说明或剧情介绍；
9、新闻标题或小说章节题词目；动作解说，特别是电视解说词：书报的标题,小说等的情节介绍及图表解说。He sits down, shivers a little. Clock outside strikes twelve.2. 现在进行时1) 表示现在正在进行的动作He is reading now.2) 系动词+介词或副词表示正在进行时的意义 The bridge is under construction. 还常用于My bike is under repair.My bike is being repaired.The question is under discussion.3) 表示感觉,
10、愿望和状态的某些动词( have, be, hear, see, like)一般不用进行时4) 与always, constantly, frequently, continually. forever, all the time等连用,表示赞叹,赞扬,厌恶，不满等情感现在进行表一般现在。He is always thinking of himself/others.5）用现在进行时表示将来 意为：意图、打算、安排、常用于人。常用词为 come, go, start, arrive, leave, stay等。 Im leaving tomorrow. Are you staying here
11、 till next week? 3. 一般将来时表示将来的动作或状态,其表达形式如下: 1). be going + 不定式, 常用于表示已经决定或安排要做的事, 也用于表示必然或很有可能发生的事 He is going to watch TV this evening. Its going to rain. 2) 与第一人称连用的shall和与第二,三人称连用的will ,表示单纯将来; 动作可能发生在将来任何时刻 I shall be back in half an hour. From now on, hell come for the newspapers every Monday.
12、 3) go, come, start, move, sail, leave, arrive stay等可用进行时态表示按计划即将发生的动作 Im leaving for Beijing. 5) 某些动词(come, go, leave, arrive, start, get, stay)的一般现在时也可表示将来The meeting starts at five oclock.He gets off at the next stop. 6) be to + 动词原形,表示约定的,计划中的或按职责,义务要求即将发生的动作还可以表示 注定要发生的动作 We are to meet at the
13、station at four this afternoon. You are to hand in the compositions on Monday. Am I to wait for the answer? 7) be about + 不定式表示 “即将,就要,正开始”，不能与表将来的时间状语连用 The film is about to begin. She is about to leave for Shanghai.be to和be going to 的区别 be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事。 be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。 I am to play f
14、ootball tomorrow afternoon. (客观安排) Im going to play football tomorrow afternoon. (主观安排) ABCDbe going to表示“计划、打算、安排要做的事”时主语只能是人说话人说话之前已考虑过的主语是物时，表示说话人根据某种迹象主观推测可能发生的事it is going to rain.不能用于含有条件句的主句中will表示将要发生某事或主语的“意愿”说话人说话时刻才考虑到的表示客观规律必然发生的可用于含有条件句的主句或从句中表示“意愿”be to表示安排、计划要做的事与第二人称连用，表示转述第三者的话表示命令，相当于should / must表示“能”“该”“想要”“注定、不可避免”be about to表示动作马上发生；句中不能再加at once, immediately和表示具体时间的词语；常有“be(was/were) about to.when”结构；4. 一般过去时肯定句否定句疑问句一般动词I (You，He, She, They) worked there.I (You，He, She, They) did not work there.Did you (I ,he, she ,they)work there?
