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1、摘要针对大多数企业，具有数量众多和较长使用寿命的普通机床，其加工精度较低、不能批量生产，自动化程度不高，自适应性差，但考虑投资成本，产业的连续性，又不能马上被淘汰，购买新的数控机床是提高产品质量和效率的重要途径，但是成本高，许多企业在短时间内无法实现，这严重阻碍企业设备更新的步伐。企业要在激烈的市场竞争中获得生存、求得发展，就必须在最短的时间内以优异的质量、低廉的成本，制造出合乎市场需要的、性能合适的产品。为此改造现有旧机床、配备与之相适应的数控系统，把普通机床改装成数控机床，不失为一条投资少、提升产品质量及生产效率的捷径，是当前许多企业对现有设备更新换代的首选办法，也是提高机床数控化率的一条
2、有效途径。改造后的车床属于开环控制。由于开环系统自身固有的缺陷不容易保证加工精度。因此，合理选择伺服系统是课题的一个中心环节。步进电机工作原理特性和实际应用正好符合我们的这一需求，所以，改造系统选择步进电机作为双向进给驱动电动机。步进电机是一种通过电脉冲信号控制相绕组电流实现定角转动的机电元件，与其他类型电机相比具有易于开环精确控制、无积累误差等优点，在众多领域中获得了广泛的应用。为了得到性能优良的控制结果，出现了很多步进电机控制系统，其中采用单片机作为控制核心的控制系统得到了广泛的应用。很多这种控制系统在步进电机的驱动上已经做的非常好，本文采用的控制电路主要由8031单片机、晶振电路、地址锁
3、存器、译码器、EEPROM存储器及可编程键盘显示控制器Intel一8279等组成，单片机是控制系统的核心。文中对整个系统的架构及硬件电路和驱动软件的实现都做了详细的设计 。本设计在对原有机床机械机构、性能、功能等进行充分研究基础上，主要针对中小型普通车床控制系统进行改造，用单片机系统实现弱电控制强电机，改造了系统的切削工艺，提高了切削精度和效率，对旧车床的数控改造有一定的指导作用，是一种新的尝试，也必将有更加广阔的应用前景。关键词：数控化、自动控制、步进电机、谐波减速器ABSTRACTMost enterprises still have large amounts generalpurpos
4、e machine tools which have longevity of service，low precision, cant adapt to mass production，low automatization and adaptability, but call not be washed out because of its low cost and continuity of enterpriseS production. Purchase of new CNC machine tools is to improve product quality and efficienc
5、y of an important way, but the costs are high, many companies can not be achieved in a short time, which seriously hindered the pace of business equipment updates. Enterprises in the fierce competition in the market to survive, and seek development, it must in the shortest possible time and with exc
6、ellent quality, low cost, to create a line with market needs, performance, the right products. To this end reform the existing old machine, equipped with suitable control system, converted into the ordinary CNC machine tools, after a small investment, improve product quality and production efficienc
7、y of the shortcut, many companies are currently upgrading of existing equipment Preferred option, but also improve the rate of CNC machine tools is an effective way.After transformation, the lathe is open-loop control. Because the inherent open-loop system is not easy to ensure accuracy flaws. There
8、fore, a reasonable choice servo system is a central part of the subject. Characteristics of stepper motor principle and practical application of this just to meet our needs, so the reform the system chosen as the bi-directional stepper motor feed drive motor. Stepper motor is controlled by electrica
9、l pulse signal phase rotation angle of winding current to achieve given the mechanical and electrical components, compared with other types of motor control with easy-to-open-loop precision, no accumulation of errors, etc., in many fields to obtain a wide range of applications. In order to obtain go
10、od control performance results, there has been a lot of stepping motor control system, which uses single chip as the control of the control system has been widely used. Many of these control the stepper motor drive system has been doing very well, in this paper, the control circuit mainly by 8031, c
11、rystal oscillator circuit, the address latch, decoder, EEPROM memory, and programmable keyboard / display controller Intel -8279 and other components, SCM is the control core of the system. In this paper, the system architecture and hardware implementation of the circuit and the driver software has
12、done a detailed design.The design of the original machine tools sector, performance and function based on the full study, the main control system for small lathes to transform, to allow manual control into the grounds of the implementation of the automatic control of the stepper motor. This paper de
13、scribes the transformation of CNC machine tools, machine parts design and drive circuit design, hardware design and software design work. Because this system uses mechanical and electrical integration method, the SCM system to achieve high power electronic control and transform the system of the cut
14、ting process and improve the cutting accuracy and efficiency, for Transformation of old bed of the CNC has a guiding role, is a new attempt will also have a more broad application prospects.Key words: CNC (Computerized Numerical Control）, automatic control, stepping motor, harmonic reducer前言数控机床改造在国
15、外已发展成一个新兴的工业部门。随着科学技术的进步，使得自动化技术已遍及人们日常生活和国民经济的各个领域，特别是在机械加工领域中越来越占主导地位。我国是有300多万台机床的国家，而这些机床又是多年累积生产的通用机床，自动化程度不高，要想在近几年内大量用自动、半自动和精密设备更新现有机床，不论资金和我国机床制造厂的能力都是办不到的。因此，尽快将我国现有一部分普通机床实现自动化和精密化改装，是我国现有设备技术改造迫切要求解决的课题。在人们的要求日益提高的今天有着广阔的发展前景。 那么，把原有的手动机床改造成自动机床就成为当前所面临的普遍而有迫切的任务。它可以使许多以往被废弃并不用的机床得到重新利用，
16、不仅为国家节约了大量的财力和物力，而且达到了变废为宝的目的。作为数控技术改造的车床，它还可以作为全功能数控机床应用的准备阶段，为今后使用全功能数控机床，培养人才，积累维护、使用经验，而且也是实现我国传统的机械制造技术朝机电一体化技术方向过渡的主要内容之一。 本课题针对中小型普通车床的加工过程进行了研究，并翻阅了许多文献资料，把手动的部分改造成了由步进电机控制的简易自动机床，并随之进行了必要的设计和研究。本课题是普通车床改造成自动车床的一个尝试，对其控制系统的设计进行研究。目录摘要IABSTRACTII前言IV一、概述11.1 普通车床数控改造11.2 普通机床数控化改造经济性评价2二、车床改造方案的确定62.1 普通车床的构成62.2 步进电机的控制选择、安装、与控制。72.3 普通车床传动系统的改造92.4 车床改造机械部分具体零件的设计102.5 驱动电路的确定122.6 I/O接口的确定12三谐波减速器选择1
