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1、word定语从句：在复合句中作定语用修饰句子中某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词关系代词或关系副词引出。定语从句功能与位置功能：定语从句相当于形容词，修饰名词或代词，在句中作定语。位置：定语从句置于被修饰词之后。定语从句的位置：放在名词或代词的后面。如：The man who has an umbrella in his hand is my uncle. (手上抓了一把雨伞的人是我的叔叔。)语法术语的改变：被修饰的名词或代词称为先行词；引导定语从句的连接词称为关系词,其中that、which、who称为关系代词,where、when、how称为关系副词。关
2、系代词或关系副词的作用：关系代词who、whom 和whose指人,分别在从句中作主语、宾语和定语。which指物that多指物, 有时也指人,它们在从句中可以作主语或宾语。定语从句中关系代词作从句宾语时可以省略。This is the thief (that/who/whom) we have been looking for these days. (这个就是我们近日一直在找的小偷。) / Please find a room which is big enough for all of us to live in. (请找一间足够大能住下我们全体的房间。)关系副词when或where引导
3、定语从句时,它们在从句中分别作时间状语和地点状语。如：This is the room where they had a quarrel a week ago. (这是一个星期前他们吵架的房间。) / I can never forget the day when I first saw you. (我永远不会忘记第一次见到你的日子。) 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句在句中不能省略,否如此主句意思就不完整。非限制性定语从句和主句之间往往用逗号分开,这种从句是一种附加说明,如果从句子中省去,也不致于影响主句的意思。如：She spent the whole evening ta
4、lking about her latest book, which none of us had heard of. (她一个晚上都在谈论她最近的书,我们一个人都没有听说过那本书。)注解1、关系代词只能用that的情况：当先行词是指事物的不定代词(all, anything等),或先行词局部含有最高级,或含有序数词时,不能用其他的关系代词,只能用that. 如：All that Lily told me seems untrue. (Lily告诉我的话似乎不真实。) / Can you give me anything that has no sugar inside? (能不能给我点里面没
5、有糖的东西？) / This is the first two-story bus that runs in our city. (这是第一辆运行于我市的双层公交车。) 2、关系代词在从句中作主语时一般用who(指人)、that(指物),而不用that指人或用which指物。如：Do you know the woman who is weeping in the corner? (你认识那个在角落里哭泣的女人吗？) / Do not tell me any words that have nothing to do with me. (跟我无关的话,请一个字也不要说。)3、关系代词作从句的宾
6、语时,常用which或whom,较少使用that或who,而且,关系代词常常省略。如：Toms father was the first parent whom our teacher talked to. (Tom的父亲是我们教师第一个谈话的人。) 4、当关系代词紧跟在介词后面时,必须用which或whom,而当介词移到句尾时,如此又可以使用that或who. 如：This is the room in which Miss Li once lived. (= This is the room Miss Li once lived in.) (这是李小姐曾经居住过的房间。)(5) 主语从句：
7、在句子中充当句子主语的从句叫主语从句。位于谓语动词之前。通常由that,whether以与疑问连词引导。一般情况下,常用it替代主语从句,而将主语从句移到句尾。如：When we should start is still a question. (我们该在什么时候开始还是个问题呢。)关系代词引导的定语从句举例关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在从句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。1,who, whom, that这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，who作主语指人，whom作宾语指人，that既可作主语又可作宾
8、语作宾语可以省略，可以指人也可以指物。在从句中所起作用如下：(1) Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他是那个想见你的男人吗？who/that在从句中作主语(2) He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人。whom/that在从句中作宾语3The man whom you spoke to just now is our English teacher 你刚刚说话的那个男人是我们的英语教师2,Whose 用来指人或物(只用作定语, 假设指物，它还可以同of which互换，指人的时
9、候也可以用of whom 代替(1) They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮助。(2) Please pass me the book whose color (the color of which) is green.请递给我那本绿皮的书。(3) The man whose son is a doctor is our professor. 那个儿子是医生的男人是我们的教授。3,which, that它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，作宾语时可以省略，例如
10、：(1)Prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。which / that在从句中作主语(2) The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to e unwrapped. 你拿那个包裹快要散开了。(which / that在从句中作宾语4,as as 可以做主语，也可以作宾语，作宾语时一般不省略，指人或者物。常与such as,the same as等短语连用。5，as与which的区别as可
11、以放在句首，而which不行as表示主观，which表示客观事实as引导非限制性定语从句关系副词引导的定语从句when指时间在定语从句中做时间状语也可做连接词用(1) I still remember the day when I first came to the school. (2) The time when we got together finally came. where指地点在定语从句中做地点状语(1) Shanghai is the city where I was born. (2) The house where I lived ten years ago has be
12、en pulled down. why指原因在定语从句中做原因状语(1) Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane. (2) I dont know the reason why he looks unhappy today. 注意：关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词+关系代词引导的从句替换(1) The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear, (2) From the year when/in which he was going to school h
13、e began to know what he wanted when he grew up. 先行词和关系词1)Whoever spits in public will be punished here.(Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替) 2)The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school. (what 可以用all that代替) 但这两句句子已经不是定语从句了，是名词性从句。因为定语从句一定要有先行词，而名词性从句没有。将“Whoever、“what分别用“Anyone
14、 who、“all that代替后，才是定语从句，先行词分别是“Anyone、“all。由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中。As we know, smoking is harmful to ones health.The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.典型例题1Alice received an invitation from her boss, _came as a surprise. A. itB.
15、thatC. whichD. he2The weather turned out to be very good, _ was more than we could expect. A. whatB. whichC. thatD. it3It rained hard yesterday, _ prevented me from going to the park. A. thatB. whichC. asD. itas 和which在引导非限制性定语从句时，这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思，且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点：(1 as 引导的定语从句可置于句首，而which不可。 (2 as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；假设为行为动词，如此从句中的关系代词只能用which.。As 的用法例 11. the same as；suchas 中的as 是一种固定结构, 和一样。 I have got into the same trouble as he (has). 例2. as可引导非限制性从句，常带有正如。 As we know, smoking is harmful to ones heal
