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1、英语语法手册时态（16种）一般时进行时完成时完成进行时一般现在时现在进行时现在完成时现在完成进行时一般过去时过去进行时过去完成时过去完成进行时一般将来时将来进行时将来完成时将来完成进行时一般过去将来时过去将来进行时过去将来完成时过去将来完成进行时在这十六种时态中，动词的搭配如下表。一般时态进行时态完成时态完成进行时态现在do/doesam/is/are doinghave/has donehave/has been doing过去didwas/were doinghad donehad been doing将来shall/will doshall/will be doingshall/will
2、 have doneshall/will have been doing过去将来should/would doshould/would be doingshould/would have doneshould/would have been doing用数轴形式past(before,ago)（一般过去时past）（一般现在时now）（一般将来时future）had done did have done do will do语态当主语是动作的发起者（或之一）时，称为主动语态；如果主语为动作之承受者，称为被动语态。被动语态Be+done（时态通过be表现）+by+动作执行者例如：A letter
3、 is written by him.1. 一般现在时的被动语态构成：is / am / are + 及物动词的过去分词 Our classroom is cleaned everyday. 2. 一般过去时的被动语态构成：was / were + 及物动词的过去分词 A new shop was built last year. 3. 现在完成时的被动语态构成：has / have + been + 及物动词的过去分词 This book has been translated into many languages. 4. 一般将来时的被动语态构成：will+ be + 及物动词的过去分词
4、 Many more trees will be planted next year. 5. 现在进行时的被动语态构成：am / is / are + being + 及物动词的过去分词 My bike is being repaired by Tom now. 6.过去将来时的被动语态：would + be + 及物动词的过去分词 He said he would finish the work soon. （当主动语态要被改成被动的时候，我们把原句的宾语提前，作为改句的主语，主语后置，作为宾语。因此有一点要注意，不及物动词由于不加宾语，没有被动形式，但不及物动词如果与某些介词构成介词短语，
5、可以用被动。例The fire had been put out before the fireman arrived. Put是不及物动词，但put out是及物动词）7.情态动词的被动语态：主语 + 情态动词 + be动词 + 动词过去分词，例如Your teeth must be brushed.8.不定式的被动语态：to be done例如There are two books to be read主动语态改被动语态1. 找出谓语动词后的宾语； 2. 把宾语用作被动语态中的主语； 3. 注意人称、时态和数的变化。注意：1. 不及物动词无被动语态。 What will happen in
6、 100 years. 2. 有些动词用主动形式表示被动意义。 This pen writes well. This new book sells well. 3. 感官动词或使役动词使用省略to的动词不定式，主动语态中不带to ，但变为被动语态时，须加上to 。 例：make somebody do somethingsomebody+ be +made to do something see somebody do somethingsomebody +be +seen to do something 4. 如果是接双宾语的动词改为被动语态时，直接宾语(物)作主语，那么动词后要用介词，这个
7、介词是由与其搭配的动词决定。 He gave me a book.A book was given to me by him. He showed me a ticket.A ticket was shown to me by him. 5. 一些动词短语用于被动语态时，动词短语应当看作一个整体，而不能丢掉其中的介词或副词。 We cant laugh at him. He cant be laughed at by us. 6.宾语补足语的被动语态 They call him Bob./He is called Bob. 7.谓语补助语态 He is a bed boy。非谓语动词(verb
8、al)不定式 to do to be done To have done to have been done To be doing 分词 现在分词 doing being done Having done having been done 过去分词 done动名词doing being done Having done having been done动词不定式(infinitive)1)to do.有动词的特征，同时也有名词、形容词和副词的特征。2)句子成分主语To talk with him is a great pleasure.和他谈话是一件非常愉快的事。It is a great
9、pleasure to talk with him.表语Her wish is to become a teacher.宾语及物动词的宾语。这些动词有want(想要)，wish(想望)，like(喜欢)，decide(决定)，help(帮助)，pledge(保证)，begin(开始)，forget(忘记)，learn(学习)，ask(要求)等等。动词不定式一般不作介词的宾语。如：He wants to be a village school teacher in a mountain area.他要做个山村教师。形容词的宾语。通常只有ready(准备好，愿意)，eager(急于)，anxiou
10、s(急于)等，但为了学习上的方便，也可以包括able(能够)，sure(一定)，glad(高兴)，sorry(难过)，afraid(怕)，free(随意)，pleased(高兴)，determined(决心)，willing(愿意)等。如：He is sure to succeed.他肯定会成功。定语动词不定式作定语时，须放在被修饰的名词或代词之后。如：I have a few words to say on this question。关于这个问题我有几句话要说。状语动词不定式作状语时，一般放在它所修饰的动词之后。He went to Beijing to study in 1988.一九八
11、八年他去北京学习。We often listen to English broadcasts in order to get more practice in training our ears.我们经常听广播，以便加强听力训练。He is too young to join the army.他太年轻了，不能参军。too.to(太而不能)结构来表示结果办不到宾浯补足语动词不定式可用作复合宾语中的宾浯补足语。可有这种复合宾语结构的动词有get(请)，ask(请求)，order(命令)，persuade(说服)，advise(劝告)，like(喜欢)，want(想要)，tell(叫)，know(
12、知道)help(帮助)，call on(号召，请求)，等等。如：He got someone to repair the door.他请人修理门。注意在某些及物动词的复合宾语中，动词不定式须省掉to这些动词有：make(使)，let(让)，see(见)，watch(望)，hear(听)，have(使)，feel(觉得)等。动词help后不定式的to可以省掉，也可以保留。变成被动语态时，动词不定式的to仍须保留。如：He let me go home.他让我回家。I heard him speak in the next room.我听到池在隔壁房间里讲话。3）动词不定式的否定结构Not to
13、do4)不定式的复合结构a) 疑问词 + 动词不定式疑问代词who，what，which和疑问副词when，where，how等后加动词不定式，构成一种特殊的动词不定式短语，可在句子中作主语、宾语、表语等成分。如：When to start has not been decided.何时动身尚未决定。(作主语)动词不定式复合结构for + 名词(或代词宾格) + 动词不定式b) for sb to do sthFor us to learn foreign languages is important.学习外语对我们来说是重要的。There is a lot of work for us to
14、 do.有很多工作要我们去做。5)动词不定式的时态形式动词不定式通常有三种时态形式，现以write为例：一般式to write进行式to be writing动词不定式进行式表示动作正在进行，与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。如：He see ms to be recovering.他看来在康复。完成式 to have written动词不定式完成式表示的动作发生在限定动词表示的动作之前。如：I am sorry to have kept you waiting.对不起，叫你久等了。(to have kept发生在am所表示的时间之前)(但在下面句子中，动词不定式表示动作没有完成：We were
15、to have met at ten.我们本来是约定十点钟见面的。(结果未见面)动词不定式的被动语态动词不定式有两种被动语态形式：一般式to be written完成式to have been written例：The next thing to be done is to carry away the earth.下-步要做的事是把土运走。动名词1)doing，与现在分词同形。2) 动名词短语：动名词加宾语或状语构成 repairing that machine3)动名词可用作主语、表语、宾语、定语等。主语：Seeing is believing.百闻不如一见。（在下面结构中，亦可用引词讧作形式主语，把意义上的主语即动
