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1、.FESLM:AninternationalframeworkforevaluatingsustainablelandmanagementTableofcontentsWorldSoilResourcesReportNo.73FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations1993ADiscussionPaperA.J.SmythJ.DumanskiwithcontributionsbyG.SpendjianM.J.SwiftP.K.ThorntonJointlysponsoredby:FAOFoodandAgricultureOrganizat
2、ionoftheUnitedNationsIBSRAMInternationalBoardforSoilResearchandManagementISSSInternationalSocietyofSoilScienceTSBFTropicalSoilBiologyandFertilityIFDCInternationalFertilizerDevelopmentCentreICRAFInternationalCentreforResearchinAgroforestryCTATechnicalCentreforAgriculturalandRuralCooperationACP-EECACI
3、ARAustralianCentreforInternationalAgriculturalResearchAgricultureCanadaUnitedStatesDepartmentofAgriculture-SoilConservationService(SMSS)LandandWaterDevelopmentDivisionFoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations1993Thedesignationsemployedandthepresentationofmaterialinthispublicationdonotimplythe
4、expressionofanyopinionwhatsoeveronthepartoftheFoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNationsconcerningthelegalstatusofanycountry,territory,cityorareaorofitsauthorities,orconcerningthedelimitationofitsfrontiersorboundaries.M-59ISBN92-5-103419-2Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduce
5、d,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopyingorotherwise,withoutthepriorpermissionofthecopyrightowner.Applicationsforsuchpermission,withastatementofthepurposeandextentofthereproduction,shouldbeaddressedtotheDirector,PublicationsDivision,FoodandAgric
6、ultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations,VialedelleTermediCaracalla,00100Rome,Italy.(c)FAO1993ContentsForewordIntroductionIssuesofsustainablelandmanagementChallengesforthefutureObjectivesofthereportAimChapter1:BackgroundandprinciplesNatureofsustainablelandmanagement(SLM)AspectsofsustainabilitySustainabi
7、lityandsuitabilitySustainabilityandstabilityClassifyingsustainability-StabilityandconfidenceSustainabilityandscaleDetailedandgeneralizedformsofsustainabilityevaluationPrinciplesofsustainabilityevaluationChapter2:FESLM-ThegeneralapproachThegeneralapproachtosustainabilityappraisalUsingevaluationfactor
8、sIndicators,criteriaandthresholdsAchievingflexibilityofsubjectmatterTheframeworkstructureThestructureinoutlineAfamilyofframeworksChapter3:StructureofthemasterframeworkChapter4:ConstructinganactionframeworkGettingstartedwithanactionframeworkEstablishingthepurposeLevel1:TheobjectivestatementLevel1:Aim
9、,problemsandprocedureExamplesofobjectivestatementsinlocalframeworksLevel2:Themeansstatement(presentuse)Level2:Theaim,problemsandprocedureLevel2:Themeansstatement(additionaluses)UndertakingtheanalysisLevel3:EvaluationfactorsLevel3:Theaim,problems,procedureLevel4:Diagnosticcriteria:(cause/effectandobs
10、ervations)Level4:Theaim,problems,procedureDiagnosticevidence:TheapproachpathsEvaluationfactors:ComplexandcomponentattributesCriteria:UnderstandingcauseandeffectLevel5:IndicatorsandthresholdsLevel5:Theaim,problems,andprocedureFinalanalysisChapter5:Off-siteevaluationGeneralActiveoff-siteeffectsPassive
11、off-siteeffectsAllowingforoff-siteeffectsChapter6:UsingtheframeworkChapter7:Validating,reportingandmonitoringValidatingtheanalysisReportingMonitoringReferencesGlossaryWorldsoilresourcesreportsForewordThisworkingdocumenthasbeenpreparedasafocusforfutureworkonthedevelopmentofanInternationalFrameworkfor
12、theEvaluationofSustainableLandManagement(FESLM).TheFrameworkisdesignedasastructured,logicalpathwayformakingdecisionsonwhetherornotacarefullydefinedformoflandmanagementislikelytoprovesustainableinadefinedsituationoveradefinedperiodoftime.Thelogicalpathwayapproachwasselectedbecauseourknowledgeofsustai
13、nabilitywillalwaysbeimperfect.Thisapproachassistsusinmakingdecisionsthatcanbesubstantiatedwithouthavingtowaitforallthefinaldata.ThedevelopmentoftheFrameworkandthepreparationofthisdocumenthavebeenguidedbyaninternationalworkinggroupforthispurpose.Membershipinthisworkinggroupis:J.Dumanski(AgricultureCa
14、nada),Chairman;M.Latham(IBSRAM),Secretary;C.S.Ofori(FAO);R.Hanson(TROPSOILS),H.Eswaran(USDA-SCS),P.K.Thornton(IFDC);andA.J.Smyth(Private).ThisworkinggrouphasbeenablyassistedfromtimetotimebyJ.K.Syers,E.Pushparajah,M.MausbachandR.L.Sawyer.Thisdocumentrepresentsthecollectivewisdomfromthisentiregroup.Th
15、isdocumentmakesnoattempttoreviewtherapidlyexpandingrangeofliteratureonsustainabilitybutisbasedonfourseminaldocumentsandondiscussionsinWorkingGroupsorganisedbytheInternationalBoardforSoilResearchandManagement(IBSRAM)atChiangRai,Thailandin1991;Nairobi,Kenyain1992;inWashingtonDC,USAin1992;andinLethbridge,Canadain1993.ThedocumentsthathaveshapedthecurrentformoftheFESLMare:PublicAdvisoryCommitteestotheEnvironmentalCouncilofAlberta.AlbertaConservationStrategy:FrameworkforAction:ADraftforPublicDiscussion.Edmonton.1990.Dumanski,J.,Eswaran,H.andLatham,M.Cr
