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1、Part I The Middle AgeChapter 1 the Anglo-Saxon period (449-1066)1. Beowulf: Englands national epic.2. artistic feature: using alliteration using metaphor and understatementChapter 3 Geoffrey Chaucer (ca1343-1400)1.Geoffrey Chaucer is the father of English poetry and one of the most greatest narrativ
2、e（叙事）poets of England.2.首创双韵体. tonico-syllabic verse. 运用London dialect.3. writing style: wisdom, humor, humanity.4.代表作：The Canterbury Tales-In this book, Chaucer created a strikingly brilliant and picturesque panorama of his time and his country. In this poem Chaucers realism, trenchant irony and fr
3、eedom of views reached such a high level of power that it had no equal in all the English literature up to the 16th century. But Chaucer was not entirely devoid of medieval prejudices. 乔叟为他那个时代和国家勾勒出一幅生机勃勃而又充满诗情画意的社会百态图。在他的这部现实主义诗歌中，他将自己的讽刺艺术和宽广视野展现的淋漓尽致，使该作品在16世纪前的英国独树一帜。但是没能脱离中世纪的偏见。Part II The Re
4、naissance（文艺复兴）1.时期：during the 16th century（1550-1642）2.国家：Greek and Roman. Also England in drama.3.定义：The term Renaissance originally indicated a revival of classical arts and science after the dark ages of medieval obscurantism.4.类型：drama and canto（诗章）.5.key work: humanism - admire human beauty an
5、d human achievement. Thomas More- Utopia in 1516. Francis Bacon- the great English scientist and philosopher. Christopher Marlowe- the greatest of the pioneers of English drama Edmund Spenser(埃德蒙斯宾塞)-The Faerie Queene（仙后）Chapter 5 William Shakespeare (1564-1616)1. He is the greatest of English autho
6、rs, the worlds pre-eminent dramatist.2. One of the first founders of realism.3. A master hand at realistic portrayal of human characters and relations.4.四大悲剧: Hamlet Othello King Lear The Tragedy of Macbeth.5.创作阶段: comedy:1590-1600tragedy:1601-1608tragicomedies:1609-1612 22年写了37plays,2 narrative poe
7、ms,154sonnets.6. Hamlet: It is the profoundest expression of Shakespeares humanism and criticism of contemporary world. The character of Hamlet. 1. A humanist, free from prejudices and superstitions. Loving the world instead of the heaven. 2. Treat people with love. Disgusted with uncles drunkenness
8、. Shocked by mothers shallowness. 3. Intellectual genius. Close observer. “ Denmark is a prison”. 4. The melancholy of Hamletthe key note of Hamlets character. He is too sophisticated to degrade his nature to the conventional role of a stage revenger. Contrast is an important structural principle in
9、 Hamlet. Shakespeares plays are generally well-organized, with harmony and order disbalanced at the beginning, social conflicts sharpened in the middle and harmony and order restored at the end. Themes: Hypocrisy, treachery of the royal court and of the society as a whole. Revenge theme (Justice by
10、violence) Lack of faith v. love The doom of ambition The tragedy of Hamlet: An individual v. mighty evil force of the whole society7. The merchant of Venice is not tragedy.8. sonnet 18 Shall I compare thee(你) to a summers day? 1-4起，5-8承，9-12转，13-14合. simile, rhetoric question, alliteration, personif
11、ication, couplet(对偶).Themessageisthatinthisworldnobeauty(inNature)canstayexceptpoetryorart;andyourbeautycanonlylastifIwriteitdowninmypoetry.Alsonoticetheloveplay.Apparentlythepoetisaddressingamanofhisheart,thewooingsoundsmorelikeagameplaythananythingrealandsincere.Thelovehereistooconditionaltobegenu
12、ine. Structure: Proposal (line1-2) Argument (line3-12) Conclusion (line13-14)Chapter 6 Francis Bacon-essayist1. Bacons works may be divided into three classes. The most important are the Essays. the philosophical-the advancement of learning the literary-essays the professional works-maxims of the la
13、w and reading on the statute of uses.2. The essays of Bacon are so highly esteemed.3. ”Great Place” is the Bacons worldlywise philosophy.4. Of Studies main idea: the text is that of 1;.652 editions. uses and benefits of study and different ways adopted by different people to pursue studies.5. writin
14、g style: brevity, compactness, powerfulness, well-arranged.Part III The period of Revolution and Restoration（资产阶级革命与王政复辟）1.The 17th century was one of the most tempestuous(动荡)periods in England.2.文学特点：The Puritan Age was one of confusion, due to breaking up of old ideas. In the absence of any fixed
15、standard of literary criticism there was nothing to prevent the exaggeration of the “metaphysical” poets(玄学派)。Poetry took new and startling form. After that prose became somber(忧郁). John Milton-the indomitable Puritan spirit found its noblest expression.(约翰弥尔顿充分体现了清教徒不屈不挠的精神) Restoration(王政复辟) created a literature of its own, which was often witty(机敏) and clever, but on the whole immoral(颓废) and cynical(愤世嫉俗). The most popular work was comedy wh
