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1、关于长难句的学习建议 同学留言我都看到了,因为工作忙,不能及时上网回复,还请海涵。大家的问题本质上都是相似的:底子薄,基础弱。我的建议如下:全力以赴(heart and soul)主攻词汇量、句法、阅读量。词汇主要靠大家背,阅读靠自己一篇一篇积累。唯有句法,我觉得一定要有一个系统训练。为了备考,我们要掌握的句法知识并不多,我在长难句课上应该是把主要的考点都讲到了,剩下的任务就是反复操练。操练句法的最佳材料当然还是阅读真题。正因为如此,我把这些长难句逐个加以解析和翻译,并放到了这。我在百忙中(并非夸张,呵呵)抽空一个一个破解,希望大家也一定抽时间逐词逐句地加以揣摩。这些句子后还有,一直会到201
2、1年的考题。大家在看这些句子时,应该每天至少两个,先自己结合文章分析和口译(注意,一定要结合文章),然后再看我给的内容。第二天看新的句子之前,应该先把前一天的内容复习一遍。刚开始感到吃力的同学,要把每一个疑问记下来,然后不耻上问,不耻下问,或者不耻左右问,实在不行就在博客上发问,总之,一定要搞清楚。如此这般坚持,两三个月出去,100个以上的句子过去,你就能脱胎换骨了。考研阅读长难句一每天至少两个, 自己先分析,有疑问参看我给的内容。觉得有难度,就多看几遍。1991Passage 1一、A wise man once said that the only thing necessary for
3、the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing.【解析】1、全句主干:A man said that the thing is to do nothing. 其中,that引导的从句作said的宾语;2、necessary for (所需要的)。necessary for the triumph of evil (邪恶的胜利所需要的,邪恶获胜所需要的),这是个形容词短语,在句中作thing的后置定语。3、for good men (对好人来说),这个介宾短语作that从句的状语,放到从句主语之前翻译。【翻译】直译:一个智者曾经说过,对好人来说
4、,邪恶的胜利所需要的唯一一个东西是(好人)什么都不做。意译:一个智者曾经说过,坏事得逞所需要的唯一一个条件,就是坏事发生时好人袖手旁观。二、Thirty years ago, if a crime was committed, society was considered the victim. Now, in a shocking reversal, its the criminal who is considered victimized: by his underprivileged upbringing, by the school that didnt teach him to re
5、ad, by the church that failed to reach him with moral guidance, by the parents who didnt provide a stable home.【解析】1、consider A B = consider A as B = consider A to be B 把A看做、当做B (省略as或to be的第一个短语更常用,要格外重视)。2、A is considered B. A被(人们)看做B,人们把A看做B。3、It is the criminal who 是一个强调句。一般来说,判断是否强调句,把It be和tha
6、t(或who)三个词去掉,如果句子仍然完整,就是强调句,否则就不是。例如It is English that is most widely used in the world,去掉It is和that,剩余部分English is most widely used in the world仍然是一个完整的句子,所以这就是一个强调句。4、 -ed分词后出现by短语,by之后的名词或代词一般是发出动作的主体,例如made by China中,China就是发出made这一动作的主体。本句中by之前有两个-ed分词,一个是considered(认为),一个是victimized(使变成受害者),by
7、之后的主体发出哪一个动作,需要根据全句的含义判断,尤其是by之后的主体。很明显,学校、教堂这些主体发出的动作是victimized。【翻译】三十年前,如果出现犯罪,社会被看作是受害者。现在,令人震惊的是,一切都颠倒了,被认为变成受害者的是罪犯,令他变成受害者的,是他小时候缺乏机会的成长环境,未能教会他念书的学校,没能在道德上给予他引导的教会,和未能给他提供一个稳定家庭的父母。三、If we free the criminal, even partly, from accountability, we become a society of endless excuses where no on
8、e accepts responsibility for anything.【解析】1、from的基本含义有两个:来自;分离。由此,vt. A from B这样的动词短语,其意义基本上取决于from,不管vt.位置上出现哪一个动词,整个短语一般可归结为两个词义:A来自B;A与B相分离。例如:derive fun from study(从学习中得到快乐,快乐来自学习),liberate women from housework(将妇女从家务中解放出来,使妇女与家务相分离)。free the criminal from accountability表示使罪犯与责任相分离,即,使罪犯免于担责。2、p
9、artly不宜总翻成“部分地”,有些情况下需要译为“在某种程度上”。3、society不宜总翻成“社会”,有些情况下译为“国家”会更妥。【翻译】即使我们只在某种程度上使罪犯免于担责,我们也会变成一个充斥着托词借口的国家,在这个国家,对于任何事情都没有人愿意负责。Passage 2四、The period of adolescence, i. e., the period between childhood and adulthood, may be long or short, depending on social expectations and on societys definitio
10、n as to what constitutes maturity and adulthood.【解析】1、本句主干:The period may be long or short, depending on expectations and on definition.2、i.e. = that is = that is to say (也就是说)。3、what引导从句时,可以理解为the thing(s) that,其中the thing(s)需要根据上下文确定所指代的具体事物,that是一个关联代词。例如:I doubt what he said. 就相当于I doubt the thi
11、ng that he said. 其中,the thing很明显指他所说的话。句子越长或者越抽象,我们把引导从句的what转化为the thing(s) that,就越便于理解。4、societys definition as to what constitutes maturity and adulthood就相当于societys definition as to the thing that constitutes maturity and adulthood. 其中,as to表示“关于”,the thing根据上下文引申为“条件”。整个短语可以译为“社会关于那些构成成熟和成年的条件的
12、定义”。【翻译】The period of adolescence, i. e., the period between childhood and adulthood, may be long or short, depending on social expectations and on societys definition as to what constitutes maturity and adulthood.青少年时期,即,儿童期与成年期之间的那段时期,可能长也可能短,(是长是短)取决于社会(对个体所抱)的期望,还取决于社会对于那些构成成熟和成年的条件的定义。五、In mode
13、rn society, ceremonies for adolescence have lost their formal recognition and symbolic significance and there no longer is agreement as to what constitutes initiation ceremonies.【解析】1、There is agreement as to/over/about A. 关于A,人们有一致的看法。/人们就A达成了共识。2、initiation ceremony 成年仪式;开始的仪式【翻译】在现代社会,青少年时期(结束)的仪
14、式已经丧失了(社会对它们的)正式认可和象征意义,对于哪些因素可以构成成年仪式,人们也不再有共识。Passage 3六、C. R. Darnes has suggested that it is as proper to term the plant a water structure as to call a house composed mainly of brick a brick building.【解析】1、It is as proper to do A as to do B. 做A和做B一样恰当。2、term A B = call A B = name A B 把A称作B。例如:ca
15、ll Tom a coward 把汤姆称作懦夫。 C termed D = C called D = C named D = C known as D 被称作D的C。例如:Tom called a coward 被称作懦夫的汤姆。3、be composed of = consist of 包含,由组成 A composed of B = A consisting of B 包含B的A,由B组成的A。例如:a country composed to 50 states = a country consisting of 50 states 包含50个州的国家,由50个州组成的国家。4、本句简化处
16、理后的结构:C. R. Darnes has suggested that it is as proper to term plant structure as to call house building.5、Sb suggests that 通常译为“sb认为”;Sth suggests that 通常译为“sth表明”。suggest的本意“建议;暗示”两个词义在考试中出现较少。【翻译】C. R. Darnes认为,将植物称为水的构造,和将一所主要由砖组成的房子称为砖房一样,都是恰当的。七、The actual amount of water in the plant at any one time, however, is only a very small part