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1、Influential factors for those who experienced crimeIntroductionThe British Crime Survey (BCS) was designed to measure the experience of domestic violence, sexual assault and stalking, covering England and Wales. This report mainly concerns about the influential factors to the question that whether e
2、xperienced of any crime in the previous 12 months. As a government report http:/www.lawlink.nsw.gov.au/lawlink/bocsar/ll_bocsar.nsf/vwFiles/cjb54.pdf/$file/cjb54.pdf pointed out, when it comes to the crime, the most common characteristics of crime-prone neighborhoods are poverty, unemployment and in
3、come inequality. In areas characterized by these problems one frequently finds a breakdown in the level of informal social control exercised by local residents against people who threaten to commit crime. Crime also tends to become concentrated at particular locations where there are increased oppor
4、tunities or incentives for committing crime. Sometimes these opportunities give rise to gangs and/or other criminal organizations which further exacerbate crime, both locally and elsewhere. Thus, we select several corresponding variables from the BCS sampled data sets, listed as sex, age, marital st
5、atus, ethnic origin, education, living length in their area, safety perceptions when walking alone in dark, day or night, worry about personal crime or property crime, tolerance about anti-social behavior and nuisance neighbors, and the weight of the individual level.Descriptive statisticsFrequency
6、of the categorical variablesAmong our questionnaires, 45.5% is male and 54.5% is female, which suggests a fair sample without biased sampling. As for the marital status, almost half of the interviewees are married, 2.77% of them are separated, and other parts seem distributed uniformly. Fig1: Par pl
7、ot of the frequency of the marital statusWhen it comes to the ethnic origin, the majority of them are white, consist of 93.4%, others make up for the rest. Table1: frequency table of the ethnic originEthnic originwhitemixedAsian or Asian Britishblack or black BritishChinese or otherMissingFrequency1
8、0900563802031343Percentile93.4.53.31.71.10.0And only 30.1% of the interviewees hold a degree or diploma, equivalently 28.4% of them never received normal education, 17.0% are apprentices and 19.7% are O level. Table2: frequency table of the educationEducation noneO levelapprenticedegreeotherMissingF
9、requency332023031987351849058Percentile28.419.717.030.14.20.5And most of them lived in this area for 5 years, and the mode is 7 years. This suggests the majority of the interviewee lived here for quite a stable time, namely, they are sort of permanent residents, no matter of their ethnic origin. Fig
10、 2: Histogram of the frequency of years lived in this areaThe safety perception when walking after dark, in the day or at night, all distribute as normal distribution. Fig 3: histograms of safety perception in the day, at night or after darkDescriptive statistics of the scale variablesThe skewness a
11、nd kurtosis suggest our sampled data is not far away from normal distribution, which again justified the reasonable sampling and statistical representativeness. The mean age of the interviewees is 50, covering a range from 16 to 101. And worry about personal crime or property crime seems normally di
12、stributed with mean almost 0, which seem to be non-informative. Thus explanatory data analysis techniques such as cross tables or scatter plots should be used to yield more insightful results.Table3: Descriptive statistics of scale variablesNMinimumMaximumMeanStd. SkewnessKurtosisStatisticStatisticS
13、tatisticStatisticStatisticStatisticStd. StatisticStd. worry about personal crime 8434-2.353.81.04561.00436.825.027.542.053worry about property crime 8434-2.693.05.0417.98724.269.027-.326.053tolerance of neighboring anti-social behavior 10999-2.674.19.03031.01006.756.023.376.047tolerance about neighb
14、oring nuisance 10999-2.084.64-.0127.998661.885.0234.106.047Respondent age116611610150.4218.539.112.023-.904.045Weight of individual-level 11660.176.171.0010.711172.016.0236.252.045Explanatory data analysisIt is intuitive to assume that females tend to experience more crime assaults, but the results
15、turn out to be surprising, with 20.33% out of 5307 males experienced crime in the previous 12 months, while 20.08% for the females. What did justify our intuition is the difference lies in genders concerning to the worry about walking out after dark or in the day, or stay at home in daily time, as the cross tabulations below suggest. Table 4: Respondent sex * how safe do you feel walking alone after dark Cross tabulationhow safe do you feel walking alone after darkTotalvery safefairly saf
