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1、高考英语中的“并列平行结构”及应试策略根据对最近十多年高考英语试题的分析和总结，平行结构在高考命题中占有重要的地位。下面对高考英语命题中的相关题型及应试策略做具体的列举和讲解。一、平行结构：由并列连词连接两个或两个以上对等的语言成分构成。二.并列连词及词组：连接多个平行的词、短语、分句或者从句。常见的有：and/并且， as well as还有，同时 but但是， or 或， bothand两个都， neithernor既不也不, eitheror，或者或者 not onlybut(also)不但而且， notbut不是而是等。对连接词连接的成分要求：形式对称； 功能相同（充当同样的句子成分）
2、。并列平行结构应该是名词和名词，副词和副词，分词和分词，不定式和不定式，动词和动词，句子和句子等的并列，而不能其中一个概念用分词结构表达，而另一个概念用不定式或从句来表达。比如下面两个句子就违反了平行结构的准则：Do some nice things for your parents that they dont expect like cooking, doing the dishes, washing clothes, or clean the floors. 做饭、刷碗、洗衣服、拖地在本句中应为并列结构作为介词like“像”的宾语，故应用相同的形式，都用动名词，所以应将clean改为cl
3、eaning。三、平行结构主要类型1. 名词和名词平行结构The patients symptoms were fever, dizziness, and headache.病人的症状是发烧、头晕和头痛。2. 形容词和形容词平行结构Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.早睡早起使人健康、富有、聪明。3.副词和副词平行结构The work is handsomely and skillfully有技术地 done.这项工作做得漂亮，有水平。4. 分词平行结构(现在分词与现在分词 / 过去分词与过去
4、分词 )The boys were running, shouting and laughing.男孩子们边跑，边喊叫着、笑着。（伴随状语）The old man returned home, disappointed and exhausted.老人回到了家里筋疲力竭，非常失望。5. 动名词doing平行结构Henrys work is reading books and writing book reviews.亨利的工作是读读书，写写书评。6. 动词不定式平行结构On the other hand, 40% think that fees should be charged becaus
5、e you need money to pay gardeners and other workers, and to buy plants and young trees.另一方面，40%的同学认为应收门票，他们认为门票费可以作为支付园林工人及其他工作人员的工资和购买新花木的费用。and 连接并列不定式第二个不定式往往省略 to。7. 介词短语平行结构1）Your semester一学期grade is based not only on how well you do on each test, but also on how you participate in class. 2）We
6、often go to the countryside as well as to factories. 8. 谓语动词平行结构 谓语形式时态要一致 He went downtown, bought some books and visited his daughter. Gunpowder was discovered in the twelfth century, but not used in warfare until two hundred years later.9.句子的并列（并列句）I was tired, but I felt happy.四、在高考中的体现及解题思路解题思路
7、：当并列连词连接两项或多项对等成分时，这些被连接的成分必须是同一词性、同一形式。特别要注意出现三项以上(含三项)的并列成分。在短文改错中的体现：违反平行结构的准则是高考短文改错惯用的出题手段之一。1I was often a little tired after a days work and watch TV demands very little effort(1999全国卷短文改错) 解析：平行结构的典型标志是and，or，but ,so,for。这是由and连接的两个并列分句，后一分句结构为主谓宾。 watching TV是主语demands是谓语very little effort宾
8、语，表示“看电视”这一抽象行为，而不能用动词原形watch。 2.However my father had to work on Monday so we fly back last Saturday afternoon.（2011全国2）解析：so连接的前后分句时态要平衡，又根据具体时间状语last Saturday afternoon所以应该把fly改为过去式flew。3However,we seldom felt lonely or helplessly(2004年天津卷短文改错） 解析：loneIy和helplessly两词形式上都是以-ly为后缀，但是lonely是形容词而help
9、lessly是副词。or连接的平行结构词性要一致，此处felt为系动词，后面要用形容词，构成系表结构，所以helplessly应改为helpless，以保持or前后词性平衡。 在单选中的体现：1.The house belongs to my aunt but shehere any more(2006年全国卷) Ahasht lived Bdidnt live Chadnt lived Ddoesnt live 解析：but前后分句的时态平衡。 but连接两个并列句，第一个分句谓语动词belongs属于一般现在时态，but后的分句也用一般现在时态doesnt live来表达以保持时态平衡,选
10、D。2.The old couple married for 40 years and never once _with each other. (2003全国卷) A. they had quarreled. B. they have quarreled C. have they quarreled D. had they quarreled.解析：这对老夫妻已结婚40年了,他们彼此从未吵过架.本题的关键词是and,and前是句子,and 后也应是句子形式，后一分句以never开头的则应倒装。3.She set out soon after dark _ home an hour later
11、.（1994） A. arriving B. to arrive C. having arrivedD. and arrived不规则动词set（set，set）分析：她天黑后回家，一个小时后到家。A C是分词 A为分词一般式doing ,表示与谓语同时发生；having arrived表示先于谓语发生；to arrive表示目的。很明显先set out 后到达arrive排除A和C而本题时态是一般过去时，所以选D and连接两个谓语。4. website网站 of the Fire Department in your city, and you will learn a lot about
12、 firefighting消防工作. (湖南卷)A. Having searched B. To search C. Searching D. Search解析：做好本题的关键是注意到句中的并列连词and，由and可知这是一个并列句，and的后面是句子，其前面也应是句子。由于句首无主语，可推断它是祈使句，所以选动词原形。与上面的情况相反，如果两个“句子”间没有并列连词，那么其中有个“句子”就肯定不是“句子”，因为它没有完整的谓语。命题者经常把并列连词作为一种设计陷阱题的工具。解题思路：并列连词连接的两个语法成分通常应是平行的、对等的。比如并列连词连接两个非谓语动词，原则上说它们应是同一形式（同
13、为不定式，或同为-ing分词，或同为-ed分词。）1. It is worth considering what makes “convenience” foods so popular, and _ better ones of your own. A. introduces B. to introduce C. introducing D. introduced句中的并列连词and连接的是两个对称的并列成分，由于其前的considering为动名词，所以空格处也要用动名词。选One learns a language by making mistakes andthemAcorrect B
14、correcting Ccorrects Dt0 correct 解析：列连词and连接两个动名词短语making mistakes和correcting them作介词by的宾语，使其and前后形式一致。选B。3.he country has already sent up three unmanned spacecraft, the most recent _ at the end of last March.A. has been launchedB. having been launched C. being launched D. to be launched 解析：两个“句子”间没
15、有并列连词，所以空格处不可能填一个完整的谓语，据此我们可以最先排除选项A。又因动作于去年的三月底就已经发生，所以不能选不定式表示未来动作，句子用了具体过去时间状语(at the end of last March)，不能选B。the most recent being launched at the end of last March为独立主格结构。4The children went home from the grammar school, their lessons _ for the day. (重庆卷) A. finishing B. finishedC. had finished D. were finished 解析：两个“句子”间没有并列连词，不可能填一个完整的谓语，可以最先排除C和D。再根据句意，由于lessons与动词finish之间为被动关系，故要用过去分词。考场思维练习1. On Saturday afternoon, Mrs. Green went to the market, _ s
