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1、2022年考博英语-中国科学院考前模拟强化练习题（附答案详解）1. 单选题I am prepared to make some（ ） on minor details, but I cannot compromise on fundamentals.问题1选项A.confessionB.concessionC.concordD.consent【答案】B【解析】考查名词词义辨析。confession “忏悔；告解”；concession “让步；特许（权）”；concord “和谐；和睦；一致”；consent “准许；同意”。句意：在一些细节上我准备做出一些_，但是在原则上我不会妥协。根据句意
2、可知选项B符合题意。2. 单选题People with more timid personalities must be encouraged to（ ）and to give orders.问题1选项A.get throughB.play safeC.take chargeD.stand by【答案】C【解析】考查动词短语辨析。get through “通过，完成”；play safe “谨慎行事”；take charge “掌管，负责”；stand by “袖手旁观”。句意为：必须鼓励那些更加腼腆的人担起责任并发号施令。选项C符合句意。3. 单选题It rained heavily, an
3、d （ ） a flood came destroying everything in the valley.问题1选项A.consequentlyB.yetC.subsequentlyD.thus【答案】A【解析】考查副词词义辨析。consequently “因此，结果”；yet “但是”；subsequently “随后，后来”；thus “因此，从而”。句意：雨下得很大，_洪水摧毁了山谷中的一切。空格处后是大雨造成的结果，因此选项A符合题意。4. 不定项选择题No doubt you know several folks with perfectly respectable IQs wh
4、o repeatedly make poor decisions. The behavior of such people tells us that we are missing something important by treating intelligence as if it encompassed all cognitive abilities. I coined the term “dysrationalia”, meaning the inability to think and behave rationally despite having adequate intell
5、igence, to draw attention to a large domain of cognitive life that intelligence tests fail to assess. Although most people recognize that IQ tests do not measure every important mental faculty, we behave as if they do. We have an implicit assumption that intelligence and rationality go togetheror el
6、se why would we be so surprised when smart people do foolish things?IQ tests do not measure dysrationalia, but there are ways to measure dysrationalia and ways to correct it. Decades of research in cognitive psychology have suggested two causes of dysrationalia. One is a processing problem, the othe
7、r a content problem. Much is known about both of them.The processing problem comes about because we tend to be cognitive misers. When approaching a problem, we can choose from any of several cognitive mechanisms. Some mechanisms have great computational power, letting us solve many problems with gre
8、at accuracy, but they are slow, require much concentration and can interfere with other cognitive tasks. Others are comparatively low in computational power, but they are fast, require little concentration and do not interfere with other ongoing cognition. Humans are cognitive misers because our bas
9、ic tendency is to default to the processing mechanisms that require less computational effort, even when they are less accurate.The second source of dysrationalia is a content problem. We need to acquire specific knowledge to think and act rationally. Harvard cognitive scientist David Perkins coined
10、 the term “mindware” to refer to the rules, data, procedures, strategies and other cognitive tools (knowledge of probability, logic and scientific inference) that must be retrieved from memory to think rationally. The absence of this knowledge creates a mindware gapagain, something that is not teste
11、d on typical intelligence tests.My goal in proposing the term “dysrationalia” is to separate intelligence from rationality, a trait that IQ tests do not measure. The concept of dysrationalia, and the empirical evidence indicating that the condition is not rare, should help create a conceptual space
12、in which we value abilities at least as important as those currently measured in IQ tests.60. People with “dysrationalia” often _.61. The author believes that IQ tests _.62. One cause of dysrationalia is that _.63. According to David Perkins, “mindware” means _.64. The author coined the term “dysrat
13、ionalia” in order to _.65. An appropriate title of this passage could be _.问题1选项A.show little respect to othersB.perform poorly in IQ testsC.make irrational decisionsD.display unacceptable behavior问题2选项A.fail to identify why smart people make poor decisionsB.neglect to treat intelligence as an overa
14、ll abilityC.cannot explain why intelligent people do things wiselyD.are not accurate enough to measure peoples intelligence问题3选项A.there are too many cognitive mechanisms to chooseB.human beings tend to use less computational powerC.some cognitive mechanisms do not work effectivelyD.people focus more
15、 on accuracy in problem solving问题4选项A.specific knowledge people need to think rationallyB.common sense people need to slowly accumulateC.social rules or conventions people have to followD.knowledge people need to obtain to pass IQ tests问题5选项A.raise peoples awareness of rationalityB.create a new section in IQ testsC.provide evidence of mindware gapD.document the development of IQ studies问题6选项A.Intelligence and Rationality Go TogetherB.Cognitive Miser
