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1、20102011学年度宝应县高三英语集体备课交流材料 高考阅读理解题常见干扰项设置手法 曹甸高级中学 李卫华阅读理解是高考试卷中分值最大的题型。近年来随着高考命题指导思想的发展，阅读理解题的考查角度越来越灵活多变。其干扰选项的设置不仅能检测出考生理解、概括、推理等逻辑思维的精确性、深刻性，而且对考生个人心理品质也是一种检验，因此，它常使很多考生陷入误区。阅读理解干扰项的设置其实有一定的规律可循，如果做题时能够把握干扰项的特点，准确捕捉选项的错误信息点或不合题目要求的信息点，迅速排除干扰项，对提高解题的准确率必将起到事半功倍的作用。一般说来，阅读理解中客观事实题的干扰项的设置手法体现在下列几个原
2、则：1包含项原则在答案选项分析中，假如对A选项的理解概括了对其它三项 (或其中某一项)的理、解，那么我们就说选项A 与其他三项是包含或概括关系，包含项A往往就是正确答案。如在“花”与“玫瑰”两选项中，正确答案肯定是“花”，花包含了玫瑰, 因为玫瑰肯定是花，但花并不一定是玫瑰。Living in a residence hall （学生宿舍）carries certain obligation.（义务）. You have to be considerate of others, especially during study hours. Telephone calls and visits
3、by friends should be short. You have to cooperate in keeping the room as sanitary（卫生） as possible. It is sometimes hard to be tolerant（容忍的） of another persons habits that may differ from your own.Q: What must you learn to be tolerant of if you live in a dormitory?A. Your roommates telephone calls B.
4、 Habits that may differ from your ownC. Visits by your roommates friends D. Roommates who are unsanitary【原文题意】:住学生宿舍要受一些约束。你必须要考虑他人习惯，特别是在学习的时间。打电话及接待朋友来访的时间尽量要短。你还得齐心协力与室友尽可能保持好寝室卫生。有时候你是很难容忍别人不同的生活习惯。个案解析：从四个选项分析中我们可以看出，选项B“与你不同的生活习惯”其实就包含并概括了其他三选项，即A室友的电话、C室友的朋友来访、D室友不爱卫生，这些都是你不能接受的生活习惯。如果我们可以选A、
5、C、D任一选项，那么B也可以选，但正确答案只有一个，所以我们只能选B。Q: The three examples are cited to show that_. A.Quit smoking is necessary B.Healthy habits benefit our healthC.Fruits and vegetables are better than milk D.We should drink more water everyday. 个案解析：答案为B。 显而易见，B为包含项，概括了A、C、D三项，即 “quit smoking, have more fruits and
6、vegetables and drink more water”都是“Healthy habits”。Q: In the building of the rail lines, _.A. more equipment made in China should be usedB. more imported equipment should be usedC. more exported equipment should be usedD. more equipment used in infrastructure（基础） projects should be used个案解析：正确答案为A。选
7、项A命题（应该使用更多的国产设备）包含了选项C命题（应该使用更多的出口设备），因为出口设备本身就意味着它是国产设备。包含项原则预示：选项中内容全面、概况性强的，往往是正确答案。2正反项原则所谓正反项，是指两选项陈述的命题完全相矛盾。根据形式逻辑排中律知识：两个相互矛盾的判断不能都是假的，其中必有一真。所以在阅读理解中，假如四选项中A、B互为正反项，那我们通常先排除C、D项，正确答案一般在A、B项当中取其一。They feel they are poor listeners when they think about something else while the other is talki
8、ng or when they are tired, or not interested in what she or he is talking about. Most people listen only with their ears. Q: According to the passage, listening only with ears may happen to us when_ A. we are emotionally tired B. we are physically disabledC.we are so interested in the topic D. we ar
9、e asked many questions【原文题意】:当他们心不在焉, 感到厌倦, 或对他/她谈论的话题不感兴趣的时候，他们就会觉得自己不是一个好的听众了。他们大多数人仅仅是用耳朵而非用心去听。个案解析：四个选项中，A与C陈述互相矛盾, 互为正反项。我们什么时候不会用心去听? A我们情绪厌倦的时候，C我们对话题很感兴趣的时候。显然这两个选项是矛盾正反判断，只有一个而且必有一个是真，所以我们可以先排除B、D选项，然后再结合我们下文将要提及的常识项原则，可以把答案确定为A。再看一例：The main problem is that our neighbor worlds appear to b
10、e unsuitable for advanced life forms. The moon may be the case first, it has hardly any atmosphere. Venus is little better, but the surfaces temperature is very high. Mars with thin atmosphere and little water cannot support the living necessity of the animals. Q: There is unlikely any life on Venus
11、 because_.A. it has very thin atmosphere B. the surface temperature is too hotC. the weather is too coldD. it is extremely short of water个案解析：B项（表面温度太热）与C项（气候太寒冷）语义相反互为正反项。根据正反项原则，可以排除A、D项，然后在B、C项中选其一，这样，考生至少可以在不看原文的前提下把答案的命中率从25%提高到50。其实，此题为细节题，根据原文第三句，我们可以把答案确定为B。正反项原则预示: 陈述内容或基调完全相反的两选项往往有一个是正确答案
12、。3委婉项原则所谓委婉，这里是指说话不能说死，要留有余地。阅读理解选项中语气平和、委婉的往往是正确答案。这些选项一般含有不十分肯定或试探性语气的表达，如：probably, possibly, may, usually, might, most of, more or less, relatively, be likely to, not necessary, although, yet, in addition，tend to，be liable to等等，而含有绝对语气的表达往往不是正确答案，如：must, always, never, the most, all, every, any,
13、 merely, only, completely, none, hardly, already等等。Q: According to the first two paragraphs, _.A. the use of water is a completely new conceptB. the sea has already long been used as a way of powerC. water is a source of energy far more economical than any other energiesD. water, if properly handled
14、, may present a promising solution to energy crisis. 个案解析：很明显，根据委婉原则，正确答案应该为D, 其他三项都含有过于肯定语气的词，如：completely, has already, far more than any other。而选项D比较委婉，if分词短语使说话留有余地，情态动词may使语气相对平缓。再如：Q: The opinion of the writer is that_.A. there may be other intelligent beings in the universeB.there are other i
15、ntelligent beings in the universeC.people living on the earth are almost certainly the only intelligent beings in the universeD.people living on the earth are definitely the only intelligent beings in the universe个案解析：答案为A。根据委婉项原则，我们先可以把含有绝对语气词almost，certainly， definitely，the only的C、D项先排除，对比A、B项，我们会发现A项与B项所表达意思相近，但A项含有推测情态词may，使得它所表述的语气比B项更委婉，所以答案应该为A项。Q: Which of the following is true according to the passage?A. Working hard is a basic requirement of all employees.B. Good writing skills alone help you succeed in any field
