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1、冲刺英语语法重难点 一直接引语和间接引语（一）直接引述别人的原话，叫做直接引语；用自己话转述别人的话，叫做间接引语。间接引语一般构成宾语从句。直接引语必须放在引号内，间接引语则不用引号。直接引语改为间接引语时，除将引语部分变成宾语从句外，还必须对直接引语中的人称、时态、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语等进行改变。1时态的变化：直接引语变为间接引语时，通常受转述动词said， asked等的影响而使用过去化的时态，即把原来的时态向过去推，也就是一般现在时变为一般过去时，现在进行时变为过去进行时，等等。例如：Tom said to me，“My brother is doing his homewor
2、k”Tom said to me that his brother was doing his homework2人称代词、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语等等的变化：根据意义进行相应的变化，例如：She asked Jack，“Where have you been?” He said，“These books are mine” He said that those books were his She asked Jack where he had been（二）直接引语改为间接引语时，都使用陈述语序，但是因为原句的句式不同，所以变成间接引语时所用的连词会有所不同。直接引语如果是一般疑问句，
3、用连接词whether或if；如果是特殊疑问句，则用疑问词引导间接引语。转述的动词一般用asked，可以在其后加上一个间接宾语me， him， her， us等。如：She said，“Is your father at home?”She asked me if/whether my father was at home“What do you do every Sunday?”My friend asked meMy friend asked me what I did every Sunday直接引语如果是祈使句，改为间接引语时，要将祈使句的动词原形变为带to的不定式，并在不定式的前面根
4、据原句的语气（即请求或命令）加上ask， tell， order等动词，如果祈使句为否定式，则在不定式前加not。其句型为：ask / tell / order someone （not） to do something例如：She said to us，“Please sit down”She asked us to sit downHe said to him，“Go away！”He ordered him to go awayHe said， “Dont make so much noise， boys”He told the boys not to make so much nois
5、e二各种时态的被动语态被动语态概述被动语态的概念：它是动词的一种形式，表示主语与谓语之间的执行或被执行关系。主动语态表示主语是谓语动作的执行者，例如：They saw the little boy crying by the river被动语态表示主语是谓语动作的承受者，例如：The littleboy was seen crying by the river被动语态的构成被动语态的形式是由“助动词be动词的过去分词”构成。助动词be随着主语的人称、数、时态等的不同而变化。几种常见时态的被动语态形式如下：1一般现在时 am/is/are 过去分词例如：Rice is planted in th
6、e south of China2一般过去时 was/were 过去分词例如：These trees were planted the year before last3一般将来时 will/shall be 过去分词例如：A sports meeting will be held next week in our school4现在进行时 am/is/are being 过去分词例如：Your radio is being repaired now5过去进行时 was/were being 过去分词When he got there， the problem was being discus
7、sed6现在完成时 have/has been 过去分词His work has been finishedHas his work been finished? Yes， it has / No， it hasnt7过去完成时 had been 过去分词注意：1除了be之外的其它系动词如get， stay等也可以和过去分词构成被动语态。例如：Their questions havent got answered2含有情态动词的谓语变成被动语态使用“情态动词 be 过去分词”结构。例如：More attention should be paid to the old in this count
8、ryThis work cant be done until Mr Black comes3含有“be going to”， “be to”等结构的谓语，其被动语态分别用“be going to be 过去分词”和“be to be 过去分词”。例如：The problem is going to be discussed at the next meetingAll these books are to be taken to the library4被动语态与系表结构的区别：“连系动词用作表语的过去分词”构成的系表结构，与被动语态的形式完全一样，所以应注意它们的区别。被动语态中的过去分词是
9、动词，多强调动作；系表结构中的过去分词相当于形容词，多强调状态。前者通常可用by 引出动作的执行者，而后者则不可以。例如：The map was changed by someone（被动结构）That custom remained unchanged for many centuries（系表结构）系表结构中的过去分词通常可被very修饰，被动语态中的过去分词往往要用much修饰。例如：He was very excited（系表结构） He was much excited by her words（被动结构）5主动形式表被动意义。有些动词的主动形式有被动意味，如 open， read，
10、 sell， shut， wash， wear， write等。此时句子的主语一般是物。例如：These books sell well这些书很畅销。The door wont shut这门关不上。The clothes wash well这些衣服很好洗。冲刺英语语法重难点（ ）1 No permission has _ for anybody to enter the buildingA been givenB givenC to giveD be giving（ ）2 I _ ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offerA
11、gaveB was givenC was giving D had given（ ）3 The police found that the house _ and a lot of things _A has broken into； has been stolenB had broken into； had been stolenC has been broken into； stolenD had been broken into； stolen（ ）4 Have you moved into the new house?Not yet， the rooms _A are being pa
12、intedB are painting C are painted D are being painting（ ）5 As we joined the big crowd I got _ from my friendsA separatedB sparedC lostD missed（ ）6 Cleaning women in big cities usually get _ by the hour A pay B paying C paid Dto pay（ ）7 Great changes _ in the city， and a lot of factories _A have been
13、 taken place， have been set up B have taken place， have been set upC have taken place， have set up D were taken place， were set up（ ）8 The suits finished， _ it? A doesntB isntC hasntD has（ ）9 The surface of the table _ smooth enoughA doesnt feelB hasnt feltC isnt feelingD isnt felt（ ）10 Such plants
14、never _ in this part of the worldA have grownB are growing C grow D are grown（ ）11 These kinds of shoes _ wellA were not sold B wont be sold C are not sold D dont sell（ ）12 Text books _ to come in timeA requireB requiredC are required D are requiring（ ）13 When the speaker entered the hall， all the listeners _A had seatedB were seatedC seated
