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1、英语“使役”动词的用法初探摘要：英语中的使役动词和具有使役意义的动词是两个不同的概念，而具有使役意义的动词数量颇多，用法较复杂，有使役动词，半使役动词，有表动态的，表静态（状态）的；其在句子中的结构也不尽相同，故探讨之，以供学习者参考。关键词：使役动词 半使役动词 动态 状态 复合结构英语中具有使役意义的动词较多，跟人们常常说的使役动词不是一个概念。通常我们说使役动词，指的是make, have, let这三个动词，它们在后接不定式作宾语补足语时要省去不定式符号to的特定用法。但具有使役意义的动词数量上远不止这些，用法也较灵活，现将其分类叙述如下，以饷读者。(注：英语动词意义丰富，在此仅限于“
2、使役”意义。)1 使役动词have, let, make （常用于复合结构）1.1have的用法1). have +宾语+省to不定式：表示主语“要”“使”“让”宾语干某事，宾语和宾补之间是一种主动关系。而且还可以与情态动词will, would连用，不用于被动结构。The rich lady had the singer eat with his servants.I will have him come and help you.2). have+宾语+现在分词：表示让某人或物连续进行某动作或处于某状态中，宾语和宾补是一种主动关系。亦可转化为“劝说，鼓励”宾语干某事。The two che
3、ats had the lights burning all night long.He had us waiting for him three hours yesterday.I have them all talking to each other in English. 我鼓励他们用英语交谈。3). have +宾语+过去分词：表示主语的主观意志，即主语让别人为自己完成某事，宾语和宾补是动宾关系。还可以表示主语遭受到来利或不测的事。Tom said he had had his TV set repaired.Tom had his wallet stolen on the bus y
4、esterday.“别人”在句中一般不出现，这是它与结构1）的区别所在。试比较：Have you washed your clothes? 你洗了衣服了吗？（自己洗）Have you had your clothes washed? 你叫人洗了衣服了吗？（别人洗）4). have+宾语+形容词/副词/介词短语作宾补Please have your tickets ready.The Emperor had nothing on.I am sure Ill have him in the argument.1.2let的用法1). let +宾语+省to不定式：表示主语“要”“使”“让”宾语干某
5、事，宾语和宾补之间是一种主动关系，罕用于被动语态。有时也可指一种假设。let后不能接现在分词，过去分词作宾补。Let them stay in the classroom and do their exercises themselves.Let AB be equal to CD. 假设AB等于CD。2). let+宾语+副词/介词短语作宾补Let me in and let them out.Who let you into the building？3make的用法1). make +宾语+省to不定式：表示主语“要”“使”“让”宾语干某事，宾语和宾补之间是一种主动关系。此结构常用被动结
6、构。make后不接现在分词作宾补。The teacher made the naughty boy stand there for an hour.The naughty boy was made to stand there for an hour.2).make+宾语+过去分词，此结构中的宾语指人时常用到反身代词。He raised his voice to make himself heard.Can you easily make yourself understood in English?They will make an important plan known to the p
7、ublic soon.3). make+宾语+形容词，宾语亦可是从句。The news made her happy.He made it clear that he objected to the proposal.2 “半使役动词”amaze, astonish等“半使役动词”在英语语法上还是一个没有被认同的概念或术语，而只是认可了其v-ing形式和v-ed形式作为形容词使用。但这类词汇数量较大，使用频率高，业已成为学习和考查中的重点，难点，易混易错点，而且在教学一线已经广泛地被教师和学生所接受。半使役动词之所以得名，一则它们的意义都有“使某人感到”,再则是为了与具有特殊用法的使役动词le
8、t, have, make等区别开来。2.4常见的半使役动词amaze（使某人感到惊呀）， astonish（使某人感到惊奇）, bore（使某人感到厌倦）, complicate（使某人感到复杂）, confuse（使某人感到迷惑）, disappoint （使某人感到失望）, delight（使某人感到高兴）, discourage（使某人感到气馁）,distinguish（使某人感到显著）, excite （使某人感到兴奋）, encourage（使某人感到鼓舞）, exhaust （使某人感到疲倦）, frighten（使某人感到恐惧）, interest （使某人感到有趣）, ins
9、pire（使某人感到刺激）, move（使某人感到激动）, please（使某人感到高兴）, puzzle（使某人感到不解）, satisfy（使某人感到满意）, surprise（使某人感到惊异）, shock（使某人感到震惊）, strike （使某人感到震动）,tire（使某人感到疲惫）, upset （使某人感到迷惑不解）,等等。2.2半使役动词的主动式用法：something + Vt. + somebody如：What surprised him most was her bravery. His brave deeds moved China. The exam result s
10、atisfied his parents. The boys behavior upset everybody around.2.3半使役动词有两个或三个派生形容词，一个加-ing，一个加-ed，有时还有一个加其他后缀构成如：interest-interesting, interested; astonish-astonishing, astonished; please-pleasing, pleased, pleasant; satisfy-satisfying, satisfied, satisfactory.2.4半使役动词的v-ing和v-ed两个分词形容词的用法也有规律一般而言，作
11、定语时，v-ing分词形容词修饰事物，v-ed分词形容词修饰人或者人的心理活动,表情等；作表语或宾语补足语时，v-ing分词形容词指事；v-ed分词形容词指人或拟人用法。而且作表语的v-ed分词后接事时常有一个介词。如：The film we saw last night was very interesting.We were all interested in the film.The frightening hurricane made the girl very frightened.The teacher was satisfied with the answer of his st
12、udents.3 使役意义状态动词get, leave, set, send, keep, drive, etc.常用于复合结构中3.1get 使成为/变得某种状态或结果（get的用法跟have很接近）I cant get the old radio to work. 我无法让那旧收音机工作起来。（接带to不定式作宾补）Can you really get that old car going again? 你真能让那旧车运转起来吗？The farmer got his planting done before the rain came. 那农民在雨季前完成了种植。He got his wr
13、ist broken. 他折断了手腕。（主语发生了不幸的事）She soon got the children ready for school. 她迅速使孩子们做好了上学准备。3.2leave 使保持/处于某种状态Leave your hat and coat in the hall. 把帽子和外套放在大厅里。Did you leave the doors and windows firmly fastened? 你把门窗紧紧锁上了吗？Always leave things where you can find them again. 总应把东西放在能再次找到的地方。Who left tha
14、t window open? 谁让窗户开着？Dont leave him waiting outside in the rain. 别让他在外面雨中等待。Leave somebody / something alone. 不要干涉某人或某事。Leave well alone. 事情已经够好了，不要再去管它了。/ 不要画蛇添足。3.3set 使某人或某物处于或达到某种特殊的状态或关系set somebody at his ease 使某人安逸/舒适/心情放松set something in order 使某物井然有序set somebody free / at liberty 使某人获得自由，释
15、放（犯人等）Its time we set the machine going. 是我们发动机器的时候了。The news set me thinking. 这消息使我陷入了沉思。He set the farm laborer to chop wood. 他让农场工人去砍伐木材。I have set myself to finish the job by the end of May.我决心于五月底前完成那工作。set a thief to catch a thief. 以毒攻毒；令贼捉贼3.4 send 使某人或某物急剧地移动The earthquake sent the crockery and cutlery crashing to the ground. 地震将杯盘刀叉震落在地上。Mind how you go- you nearly sent me flying. 小心点，你差点将我撞飞了。Send that fellow about his business / packing. 叫那家伙滚蛋。The good h
