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1、专题八 非谓语动词历年非谓语动词考点分析1.出现频率较高，平均每年出两道选择题。2.应注意其主、被动含义：现在分词表主动，过去分词表被动。3.注意其完成式与进行式用法：having done或having been done只做状语而不用于定语；to have been done表示其 动作发生在主句谓语动词之前。4.一定要记住其固定用法。 动词根据其能否作谓语动词可以分为谓语动词和非谓语动词两种。顾名思义，非谓语动词在句中不能单独做谓语动词。非谓语动词有三种：动词不定式、分词和动名词（一）动词不定式1. 不定式是动词的一种非限定形式，它由不定式符号to加动词原形构成。其否定式为 not +
2、to do （1）不定式具有动词的特性，可有自己的宾语和状语，不定式+宾语和（或）状语，构成不定式短语。 to write a letter； to read the text slowly Would you like to tell me how you overcome the difficulties ？I prefer to go there by bike. （2）不定式+某些疑问代词或疑问副词，构成特殊的不定式短语。 what to do next； when to start； how to get there （3）“for +名词或代词+不定式”，构成另一种特殊的不定式短语
3、，表明其逻辑主语。 for us to look for a job； for them to do （4）宾语+不定式构成不定式复合结构，作复合宾语。I want all of you to make rapid progress. （5）不定式在语法上不能有主语，但由于表示的是动作，在意义上可以有主语，这种主语叫逻辑主语。We came to study. Well send him to study abroad. Its difficult for a foreigner to learn Chinese.2. 不定式的时态:主动形式 被动形式 一般式 to do to be done
4、 完成式 to have done to have been done 进行式 to be doing 完成进行式 to have been done 1) 不定式的完成时、进行时、完成进行时、一般形式所表示的动作，通常与主要谓语所表示的动作、状态同时或几乎同时发生，或是在它之后发生；假如不定式所表示的动作在谓语所表示的动作、状态之前发生，不定式就用完成时； 如果主要谓语表示的动作发生时不定式表示的动作正在进行，这时不定式就要用进行时；如果不定式表示的不是正在进行的动作而是在谓语所表示时间之前一直进行的动作，就需用完成进行时。2) 不定式的被动式：当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者
5、，不定式一般要用被动语态形式：to be done.(1) 在有些结构中，不定式虽然表示被动的意思，但用的是主动形式。这是因为不定式虽与最近的名词或代词有动宾关系，但与句子中另一个名词或代词却可能有主谓关系。若无此种关系，就依然使用被动形式为好。 We still have many difficulties to overcome.He has no one to take care of.Give him some books to read.Hell show you the right path to take.They found the lecture hard to unders
6、tand.(2)在there is (are)引起的句中，用来修饰主语的不定式既可用主动也可用被动。There is no time to lose (to be lost).3. 不定式的作用：A. 作主语：不定式作主语，后面的谓语动词用单数。 To see is to believe. To act like that is foolish.To know something about English is one thing, to know English is quite another.(1) 在多数情况下，特别在口语中，为了使句子显得平衡，常用代词it 代替它作主语，不定式后置
7、，这就是形式主语。 It is not an easy thing to master a language.It only took us a year to complete the project.(2) 要说明动作由谁做的，可在前加for 引起的短语。 It is not hard for one to do a bit of good.(3) 某些形容词作表语时，不定式前可加of 引起的短语，这些形容词一般都是在对人作出评价。这样的形容有：kind; good; nice; wise; unwise; clever; silly; wrong; right; foolish; stu
8、pid; rude; careless; impolite; naughty; considerate Its kind of you to think so much of us. Its unwise of them to turn down the proposal.B. 作宾语：不定式作宾语的情况非常多，常以不定式作宾语的动词有：want; like; wish; hope; prefer; continue; manage; try; ask; offer; start; forget; care; promise; mean; pretend; intend; begin; att
9、empt; decide; learn; desire; agree; choose; determine; expect; 另外 tell; advise; show; teach; find out; decide; discuss; learn; forget等动词，常用一个带连接代词或副词的不定式作宾语。在复合宾语中，常用it 代表不定式，真正的宾语在后，这就是形式宾语。They found it impossible to get everything ready in time.C. 作表语： Her wish was to become an artist. What I lik
10、e is to swim in the sea and then to lie on the warm sand.D. 作定语： She usually has a lot of meetings to attend in the evenings. Do you have anything more to say ? 上面两例中的不定式与它修饰的词有动宾关系，因此若不定式中的动词是不及物动词，它后面就应有必要的介词. Lets first find a room to put the things in. There is nothing to worry about.E. 作状语：不定式作
11、状语修饰动词，表示行为的目的、结果、原因。 They ran over to welcome the delegates. She lived to be 100. We jumped with joy to hear the news. (1) 不定式也可用在作表语用的形容词或过去分词后面作状语，说明产生这种情绪的原因或是在哪方面存在谓语所表示的情况。 We are proud to be young people of China. Hell be very happy to cooperate with you in the work. (2) 在这种结构中还可以用easy; diffi
12、cult; hard; comfortable等形容词，作句子主语的除了表示人的词以外，还可用表示事物的词。 The question is rather difficult to answer. The room is comfortable to live in.F. 用在复合结构中的不定式：不定式可以和名词或代词构成复合结构来作动词的宾语，被称为复合宾语。常见的这类动词有：ask; tell; invite; force; get; beg; allow; help; wish; want; like; hate; prefer; invent; expect; encourage; a
13、dvise; persuade; instruct; permit; remind; request; order; command; warn; cause; press; urge; compel , etc. (1) 在感官动词make; let; have; see; hear; watch; notice; feel等动词后的复合宾语中，不定式to必须省略。但若变为被动语态，不定式to必须补回. Dont forget to have him come. They were made to work day and night. (2) think; consider; believ
14、e; suppose; know; feel; find; understand; declare; take这类动词后，也可有复合宾语，但不定式短语常由to be + adj.构成。这种结构在书面语中较为常见，口语中多用宾语从句，在think; consider; find后to be 可省略，直接用形容词。 He doesnt consider that to be important. They found the answer quite satisfactory. (3) 在有些成语动词wait for; call on; rely on; vote for; count upon; depend on; long for; care for; prevail upon等后面可有复合宾语。但在listen to和look at后的复合宾语中，不定式to 常省略。 Its quite amusing to look at other people play chess.G. 不定式短语在有些情况下前面可带一个连接代词或连接副词。这些词有：tell; show; know; decide; teach; learn; discuss; wonder; remember; find out; explain; forget.H. 下面情况to 常被省略。had bette
