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1、上海中考英语语法考点：名词性从句名词性从句：在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句。在复合句中能作主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等。形容词性从句即定语从句；副词性从句即状语从句；名词性从句包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句和同位语从句。一、引导名词性从句的连接词1，从属连词五个：that无词义，在从句中不做成分，在宾语从句中可省略。 whether，if 有词义，在从句中不做成分，不可以省略。as if, as though不做成分。 2，连接代词九个：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whomever, whose, which, whichever，有
2、词义，在从句中做成分，不可以省略。3，连接副词七个：when, where, how, why, whenever, wherever, however有词义，在从句中做状语，不可以省略。二. 主语从句1，主语从句：通常由下列词引导：从属连词that，whether ；连接代词what，who，which，whatever，whoever，whom；连接副词how，when，where，why 等。It is known to us how he became a writer. 2，常用it作形式主语放于句首，而把主语从句置于句末。谓语动词一般用单数形式。It is a fact that，
3、It is an honor that，It is common，It is a pity that，It is said that，t seems that, It is natural that3，what 与that 在引导主语从句时的区别what 引导主语从句时在从句中充当句子成分，如主语宾语表语，而that 则不然。 What you said yesterday is right. That she is still alive is a consolation.三、宾语从句1. 由连接词that引导的宾语从句 ，that在句中不担任任何成分，常被省去。 2， 用who，whom,
4、 which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whoever, whatever, whichever等关联词引导的宾语从句相当于特殊疑问句，句子语序要用陈述语序。 用whether或if引导的宾语从句，保持陈述语序。 3，think, believe, imagine, suppose，guess, expect, fancy, consider等动词引起的否定性宾语从句中，要否定前移。doubt whether, dont doubt that四、表语从句1、在复合句中，位于系动词之后作表语的从句叫表语从句。引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联
5、词大致一样，表语从句位于连系动词后，有时用as if。the reason is that It is because It appears/seems that It happens that It turns out that It looks as if It seems as if2、当主语是reason时，表语从句要用that引导而不是because。whether 可引导表语从句，但if不可以。 五、同位语从句1、同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容。同位语从句通常由that引导，that不可以省略, 可由whether引导，不可用if.2、同位语从句的先行词是一些有限的抽象性名词
6、，如 belief, advice, demand, doubt, possibility, thought, proposal, case, fact, hope, idea, information, message, news, order, problem, promise, request, suggestion, wish, word, reason, question, truth, conclusion, result.等。而定语从句的先行词可以是任何物和人。3、同位语从句与定语从句的区别1）定语从句是形容词性的，与先行词之间存在所属关系，起修饰限定的作用。同位语从句是名词性的
7、，与先行词是同位或等同的关系, 起补充说明的作用。2）定语从句中的that既代替先行词，同时在从句中作主语或宾语，而同位语从句中的that是连词，不充当句中任何成分。The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year. 定从The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him. 同从，that不可省略。3） What不能引导定语从句，但可以引导同位语从句。I didnt have the idea what you mean.4）How, when, where, why的先行
8、词与从句意义相关时，它们是关系副词，引导定从。不相关时，这些词是连接副词，引导同位语从句。Do you have any idea where he lives.He solved the problem why the TV was out of order.There is some doubt whether he will come. 以上都是同位语从句。whether, how不可引导定从。The reason why he was late is that he was ill. 定从六、名词性wh-从句wh-词包括who, whom,. whose, whoever, what,
9、 whatever, which, whichever等连接代词和where, when, how, why等连接副词。wh-从句的语法功能除了和that-从句一样外，还可充当介词宾语、宾语补语和间接宾语等： 主语： How the book will sell depends on its author. 直接宾语：In ones own home one can do what one likes. 间接宾语：The club will give whoever wins a prize. 表语： My question is who will take over president of
10、 the Foundation. 宾语补足语：She will name him whatever she wants to. 同位语：I have no idea when he will return. 形容词宾语：Im not sure why she refused their invitation. 介词宾语：That depends on where we shall go. 七、what 引导的名词性从句1，表示“的东西或事情”，相当于“the thing that.; all that.; everything that.”： He saves what he earns. W
11、hat Mary is is the secretary. 玛丽的职务是秘书。2，表示“的人或的样子”，相当于the person thatHe is no longer what he was. Who is it that has made Fred what he is now? 3，表示“的数量或数目”,相当于the amount/number that Our income is now double what it was ten years ago. 4，表示“的时间”, 相当于the time that： After what seemed like hours he came
12、 out with a bitter smile. 5，表示“的地方”, 相当于the place that This is what they call Salt Lake City. 八、 whether与if 在作是否的意思时1， 可用if的情形：宾语从句一般可用if或whether引导。2， 只用whether的情形1) 宾语从句中，在decide, discuss后，有or not时，作介词宾语时，if会引起歧义时，从句放句首时必须用whether。2) 引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句及接不定式时。Could you tell me if you know the answer
13、? Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question.Everything depends on whether we have enough money. 选择填空 1. _ you have done might do harm to other people. A. That B. What C. Which D. This2. They have no idea at all _. A. where he has gone B. where did he go C. which place he has gone
14、D. where he has gone3. _ leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights. A. Anyone B. The person C. Whoever D. Who4. Upon graduation he asked to be sent to _. A. where he is most needed B. where he needed C. where he is mostly needed D. where is he mostly needed5. These photographs will show you
15、_. A. what does our village look like B. what our village looks like C. how does our village look like D. how our village looks like6. Can you make sure _ the gold ring? A. where Alice had put B. where had Alice put C. where Alice has put D. where has Alice put7. No one can be sure _ in a million years. A. what man will look like B. what will man look like C. man will look like what D. what look will man like8. _
