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1、Introduction: tense, voice, modal英语动词时态、语态、语气简述-Introduction: tense/ voice/ modal 英语中，动词可以说是最为重要的词类，它们的变化最多。动词由于是谓语（predicate）的核心，它们的正确使用决定了句子的表述是否顺畅，语义是否清晰。所以有人说，学好动词则英语学好了大半。学好动词，我们需要弄清楚它们的时态、语态、语气三种问题。 1动词时态（tense） 我们中国人学英语，最大的障碍就是时态问题。这是因为受母语的影响，在汉语中， 动词是没有时态的概念的。而大部分西方语言，都有时态的概念。这种差异，有的语言学家将其归结
2、为语言思维的差异，这，我们不用深究。 我们只要知道， 英语的动词一定是有时态的，时态-就是一种表示时间和状态的主动词形式。 1.1 现在进行时（present continuous/present progressive）1.1.1 时间：现在（present）-:动作发生的时间是现在而非过去，一般也就是说话时的时间。 1.1.2 状态：正在进行（continuous/progressive）。 什么叫做正在进行？- 指该动作在过去某个时间点开始，直到现在（说话时）仍然继续，在一定的时间范围内， 还将继续下去。He is working now. Dont disturb him! Im co
3、oking right now. But after the dinner, can you wash the dishes?掌握现在进行时，我们一定要明确以下概念：1只有具有持续性概念的动作动词（action verb）, 才可能有进行时态， 而表示状态或瞬间动作的动词， 不能使用进行时态。 这是很容易理解的，因为表状态的动词本身不具有动作性， 如：She is a teacher. The soup tastes delicious. The news sounds disappointing. 这状态往往只是表明某种性质的是、否。 我们一般不容易混淆，稍稍让我们感到困惑的是瞬间动作词，在
4、汉语里， 我们常常把这些词所对应的动作当作可持续的， 但在英语里，它们是不可持续的，往往具有状态动词的特征， 而不强调动作， 此类词一般常见的如下：表感情意识状态：like/dislike/love/hate/prefer/want/need/know/realize/suppose/mean/ understand/believe/remember感官意识状态：see/ hear/ smell/ taste表所属关系: 有,包含：belong / contain/consist/depend/seem/have如: Im hungry. I want something to eat. Do
5、 you understand what I mean? 当think 表示“认为”的意思时，同样也不用进行时态：What do you think about this book?2. 即使是动作动词，同样也有动作持续时间长短的问题。有的动作持续时间短，所以动作一般就发生在说话时。 He is speaking now, listen carefully. He is sleeping, dont speak loud. 但是，更长时间的动作， 由于这种动作只是从宏观上看具有持续性，但其间一定是有间断的，说话时，该动作不一定发生，只是说话的时间点包含在该动作的持续时间内。如：He is te
6、aching in our school this year. 这里，is teaching并不是指说话时一定发生的动作。注意比较：He is teaching right now. Dont call him. 1.1.3 构造： 助动词be， 主动词verb+ ing，参见“词类概述2.3.4”.陈述句: subject + be + verb-ing: John and Tim are playing basketball on the playground.Are John and Tim playing basketball on the playground?否定句：subject
7、 + be+ not+ verb-ing: Thomason isnt working today. He is staying at home. 一般疑问句：be + subject + verb-ing: Are you watching TV right now? Can you turn it down a little? 复杂（特殊）疑问句：question word+ subject + verb-ing:What are you doing? What are you talking about? Where are you going? 1.1.4 用途：1用于表述正在发生的短
8、动作，即说话时正在发生。He is watching TV right now. 2. 正在发生的长动作，但并非说话时一定发生。 She is learning French. She wants to study in France. 3. 用于谈论正在发生的变化、事件：The population of the world is rising very fast. Are you getting better? 4. 已经安排好, 将要发生的个人事务: Im leaving next Monday. Shes coming tomorrow. 1.2 一般现在时（present simpl
9、e/simple present） 1.2.1 时间：现在（present）-动作发生的时间是现在而非过去的时间。 1.2.2状态：一般情况(simple) 。 什么叫做一般情况？-当我们需要对某种状况进行总结，说明某事物现在的一般常态，采用一般现在时，它表明的并不是某一时刻的暂时状态。1.2.3构造：陈述句：subject + verb+ He likes swimming. She dislikes dishonesty.否定句：subject +do not/does not+ verb+ .: He doesnt like swimming.一般疑问句：Do/does + subjec
10、t +verb.: Does he like swimming?复杂（特殊）疑问句：question word + do/does + subject + verb.: What does he like? 注意：当动词be 为主动词时，它既为主动词，又为助动词。如：He is a teacher. He isnt a teacher. Is he a teacher? What is this? 1.2.4 用途：1表述某一事物的常态。 He lives in Beijing. She is a teacher in our school. Beijing is the capital of
11、 China. He gets up at 6:30. Mary visits her mother once a week. 2. 表述一般真实情况、真理。 The sun rises from the east. A water molecule contains one oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms. There are sixty minutes in an hour.3. 表述时间安排，时刻表：The train leaves at 9:45 p.m. / The new term starts on 1st, September. u 现在进
12、行时/一般现在时的差异 1现在进行时表述现在正在进行的情况，一般现在时表述的是一般情况。 The water is boiling, please turn it off. /Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius. 2. 现在进行时表述的是现在暂时的情况，一般现在时表述常态、永久的状况：John lives in New York. Now he is living with his parents in Boston. Im living with a friend until I find a new apartment. 3. always do sth
13、总是做; always be doing做太多，以致让人感觉到讨厌.He always watches weather forecast at 7:30. /You are always watching TV, you should do something else. 4. 与现在进行时搭配的时间副词，表现在、目前时间状态：now/ right now/ today/ this week/ this year 等; 与一般现在时搭配的时间副词， 一般表频度：how often/ usually/often/always/once a week 等：Are you cleaning your
14、 house right now? /How often do you clean your house? He is visiting his parents today. /He visits his parents three times once a month. 1.3 一般过去时（past simple/simple past） 1.3.1时间: 过去(past) . 所谓过去, 即业已逝去的时间, 与现在无关. 我们采用过去时, 表明某事件在过去发生过, 现在的情况, 我们不知道.1.3.2 状态：一般（simple）, 参见“一般现在时”。动词形变参见“词类概述”2.3.2。一
15、般过去时就是一般现在时的过去时间的形式。1.3.3构造：陈述句：subject + verb ed: He was an physics teacher in our school last year.否定句：subject + didnt/did not+ verb: She didnt like him, so she left him last week.疑问句：Did + subject +verb: Did you know him at that time?复杂（特殊）疑问句：question word+ did +subject +verb+: What did you do last night? Did you go shopping? 注意：当动词be 为主动词时，它既为主动词，又为助动词。如：He was a teacher. He wasnt a teacher. Was he a teacher? What was that? 1.3.4 用途：用于叙述过去发生的事件、过去存在的状态等。I visited my parents last week. He was a teacher last year. I finished my work yesterday.1.3.5 特殊过去结构：我们用used
