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1、Leonardo Da VinciView Leonardo Da Vinci Collection 1452-1519, Italian painter, sculptor, architect, musician, engineer, and scientist, b. near Vinci, a hill village in Tuscany. The versatility and creative power of Leonardo mark him as a supreme example of Renaissance genius. He depicted in his draw
2、ings, with scientific precision and consummate artistry, subjects ranging from flying machines to caricatures; he also executed intricate anatomical studies of people, animals, and plants. The richness and originality of intellect expressed in his notebooks reveal one of the greatest minds of all ti
3、me. Early Life and Work: Vinci and FlorenceLeonardo was the illegitimate son of a Florentine notary and a peasant woman. Presumably he passed his childhood with his fathers family in Vinci, where he developed an enduring interest in nature. Early sources describe his beauty, charm of manner, and pre
4、cocious display of artistic talent. In 1466 Leonardo moved to Florence, where he entered the workshop of Verrocchio and came into contact with such artists as Botticelli, Ghirlandaio, and Lorenzo di Credi. Early in his apprenticeship he painted an angel, and perhaps portions of the landscape, in Ver
5、rocchios Baptism of Christ (Uffizi). In 1472 he was registered in the painters guild. The culmination of Leonardos art during his first period in Florence is the magnificent unfinished Adoration of the Magi (Uffizi) commissioned in 1481 by the monks of San Donato a Scopeto. In this work is revealed
6、the integration of dramatic movement and chiaroscuro that characterizes the masters mature style. Middle Life and Mature Work: Milan and FlorenceLeonardo went to Milan c.1482 and remained at the court of Ludovico Sforza for 16 years. In this time he composed the greater part of his Trattato della pi
7、ttura and the extensive notebooks that demonstrate the marvelous versatility and penetration of his genius. As court artist he also organized elaborate festivals. Severe plagues in 1484 and 1485 drew his attention to problems of town planning, an interest which was revived during his last years in F
8、rance. Many drawings of plans and elevations for domed churches reflect a concern with architectural problems that must have been stimulated by contact with Bramante during these years. He worked c.1488 on a model for the tambour and dome of the cathedral at Milan. In 1490 he was employed with Franc
9、esco di Giorgio as consulting engineer on the restoration of the cathedral at Pavia and later on the cathedral at Piacenza. In 1483, Leonardo, with his pupil Ambrogio de Predis, was commissioned to execute the famous Madonna of the Rocks. Two versions of the painting exist-one in the Louvre (1483-c.
10、1486), another in the National Gallery, London (1483-1508). Leonardos fresco of the Last Supper (Milan) was begun c.1495 and completed by 1498. This work is now badly damaged. Leonardos own experiments with the fresco medium account in part for its disintegration, which was already noticed by 1517.
11、Deterioration and repeated restorations have obliterated details and individual figures. Despite this, the composition and general disposition of the figures reveal a power of invention and a sublimity of spiritual content that mark the painting among the worlds masterpieces. While at Ludovicos cour
12、t Leonardo also worked on an equestrian monument to the dukes father, Francesco Sforza. The work was never cast, and the model, admired by his contemporaries, perished during the French invasion of 1499. In 1511 he undertook a similar work with the commission of an equestrian monument for Gian Giaco
13、mo Trivulzio. This work was also never completed and known only through drawings related to the project. After the fall (1499) of Ludovico Sforza, Leonardo left Milan and, following brief sojourns in Mantua and Venice, returned to Florence in 1500. Back in Florence Leonardo engaged in much theoretic
14、al work in mathematics and pursued his anatomical studies at the hospital of Santa Maria Nuova. In 1502 he entered the service of Cesare Borgia as a military engineer. His engagement took him to central Italy to study swamp reclamation projects in Piombino and to tour the cities of Romagna. At Urbin
15、o he met Niccol Machiavelli, who later became a close friend. By 1503 he was back in Florence, where he was commissioned to execute the fresco of the battle of Anghiari. This work, like its companion piece assigned to Michelangelo, was never completed, and the cartoons were subsequently destroyed. T
16、he work exerted enormous influence on later artists, however,and some impression of the original may be had from anonymous copies in the Uffizi and Casa Horne (Florence), from an engraving of 1558 of Lorenzo Zacchia, and from a drawing by Rubens (Louvre). From about this time dates the celebrated Mona Lisa (Louvre), the portrait of the wife of a Florentine merchant. In 1506, Leonardo returned to Milan, engaged by Charles dAmboise in the name of the French ki
