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1、基本知识及音程/Basics and Intervals1. 键盘/keyboard键盘是一组杠杆或音键，由演奏者用手指在钢琴，羽管键琴，翼琴或类似的键盘乐器上按压，或者用手指按压风琴的键盘，或用脚踩管风琴的踏板或脚键盘。这个词汇广泛应用于键盘乐，以及各种键盘乐器。A keyboard is a set of levers or keys, to be depressed by the fingers of a player on the piano, harpsichord, clavichord or similar keyboard instrument, or on the manua
2、l by the fingers, or on the pedals or pedal-board of the organ with the feet. The word is used generally, as in keyboard music, music for any keyboard instrument. 2. 白键组/White key pattern在现代键盘乐器中，音键通常有白和黑两种颜色。早期键盘乐器的音键颜色的功用或许正相反。现代的白键构成一组全音和半音或相邻音间的半音。白键上的主要音阶可用于字谱上，C调， E 和 F之间的半音，B 和C之间的半音的初始演奏。On
3、modern keyboard instruments keys for the fingers are generally coloured white and black. On earlier keyboard instruments the colouring may be reversed. The modern white keys form a pattern of whole steps or whole tones and half steps or semitones between adjacent notes. A major scale on the white no
4、tes may be played starting, in letter notation, on C, with half steps (semitones) between E and F, and B and C. Illustration of keyboard, letters on notes 3. 黑键组/Black key pattern现代键盘乐器的黑键音在相邻的白音符间，构成全音，可演奏半音。在字谱上，黑音符见于C 和 D, D 和E, F 和 G, G 和A, A 和 B之间。黑键可演奏五声音阶。On modern keyboard instruments black
5、keys come between those adjacent white notes that form a whole step or whole tone, providing a half step or semitone. In letter notation the black notes are found between C and D, D and E, F and G, G and A, and A and B. The black keys provide the notes of the pentatonic scale. illustration of keyboa
6、rd 4. 相邻钢琴键/Adjacent piano keys相邻钢琴键为半音。依上行顺序或下行顺序演奏，构成半音阶。Adjacent piano keys are a half step or semitone apart. Played in ascending or descending order they form a chromatic scale. 5. 半音/Half step半音是西方音乐通用键盘中最小的音程。在键盘上，半音是相邻的两个音之间的距离，白键或黑键，升调或降调。A half step or semitone is the smallest interval on
7、the normal keyboard in Western music. On the keyboard it is the interval between adjacent notes, white or black, ascending or descending. 6. 全音/Whole step全音是由两个半音组成的音程。A whole step, whole tone or tone, is an interval made up of two half steps or semitones. 7. 音高/Pitch音符的音高是根据振动的次数或频率，音在常规上的高度或深度。音乐会
8、音高是国际通用的标准音高，为高于中C的A音，每秒振动440次，但也存在分歧。几个世纪以来，音高不断演变，有时，不同的音乐或乐器应用不同的音高。一些打击乐器没有音高，耳朵无法辨认音高。绝对音高是指一些人所具备的单凭听觉即可辨认音高的能力。相对音高是指可以辨认提示音准和其他音。The pitch of a note is its perceived height or depth in conventional terms, according to the number of vibrations or frequency. Concert pitch is an internationally
9、 agreed standard pitch with the A above middle C at 440 vibrations per second, but there have been divergences from this. Pitches have varied over the centuries, sometimes with different pitches used for different forms of music or different instruments. Some percussion instruments are unpitched, la
10、cking a recognisable pitch to the ear. Absolute pitch or refers to the ability some have to identify pitches by hearing alone. Relative pitch is that perceived between a given note and another note. 8. 高音/Higher pitch高音即为高振动率的音，通用描述为每秒振动的次数多为高，每秒振动次数较少为低Higher pitch indicates a note at a higher freq
11、uency, following the conventional description of notes with a greater number of vibrations per second as high, and with a smaller number as low. 9. 低音/Lower pitch高音即为低振动率的音，根据通用描述，每秒振动次数较少为低，每秒振动的次数多为高。Lower pitch indicates a note of lower frequency, following the conventional description of notes w
12、ith a smaller number of vibrations per second as low, and with a greater number as high. 10. 音名/Letter names音名是指讲英语的国家以字母A 至 G辨认音符的习惯。在德国，增加了字母H表示B（德文中的B相当于降B，其他音符用以标记升或者降）。在法国，西班牙和意大利，则运用建立在传统唱名基础上的一套标准。Letter names or letter notation refers to the custom in English-speaking countries of identifyin
13、g notes by letters from A to G. In Germany the letter H is added to denote B (German B = B flat, and other letters are modified to indicate sharps or flats). In French, Spanish and Italian a system based on traditional sol-fa is used. 11. 八度音阶/Octave八度音阶是包括八个音的音程，第八个音与第一个音的音名相同。高八度的振动频率是低音的两倍。也就是说，4
14、40音高的A，升到880，1760等等。低八度音阶，因此，低于440的A每秒振动220次，一个低八度每秒振动110次。An octave is an interval regarded as including eight steps, the eighth of which has the same letter name as the first note. Ascending octaves double the frequency of the lower note. Thus A at 440 rises to A at 880, 1760 and so on. The lower
15、octaves halve the number of vibrations per second, so that the A below A at 440 has 220 vibrations per second, and an octave lower has 110 vibrations per second. 12. 半音/Semitones半音是西方音乐普通键盘中最小的音程。在键盘上，其为相邻音间，白键或黑键间，上行或下行间的音程。Semitones are half steps, the smallest interval on the normal keyboard in W
16、estern music. On the keyboard it the interval between adjacent notes, white or black, ascending or descending. 13. 变化音阶/Chromatic semitone变化音阶为两个相同音名间的半音音程，例如F到升F，A到降A。在键盘上，升F于降G有着相同的音名，降A与升G有着相同的音名。在灵活性较强的乐器上可能会有所不同。A chromatic semitone is the interval of a semitone or half step between notes of the same letter name, e.g. F to F sharp, A to A flat
