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1、考研系列讲义 之 长难句突破 2012考研英语长难句突破讲义第一部分 方法论讲解 笔记区n 引子 阅读的分类u n 阅读的实际过程是什么l n 阅读在句子层面的障碍n 英语句子的分类简单句：非简单句： 简单句的障碍 简单句没有障碍的情况:1、 主+谓2、 主+谓+宾3、 主+谓+宾+宾4、 主+谓+宾+宾补5、 主+系+表 简单句的障碍来源： 定语、同位语、插入语、状语 简单句的障碍识别及处理方法n 定语 作用：修饰和限定名词u 前置定语 adj.u 后置定语 1、adj短语：adj+介+名2、V-ing短语：V-ing+名；V-ing+介+名3、V-ed短语：V-ed+介+名；V-ed+to
2、 do+名n. + 4、to do结构：to do+名5、介词短语：介+名6、表语形容词7、不定代词+后置定语定语从句（不属于简单句范畴）定语从句的作用： 常见：I have three books of which the red is my favorite.粘合：I have three books. The red of those three books is my favorite. ( 什么是过渡_? ) 定语从句的连接词n.+连接词+句子 定语从句的处理方法： _ Eg1.A poem line describes a fight between a Turkish and a
3、 Bulgarian officer on a bridge off which they both fall into the river.Eg2. Man is born as a blank sheet of paper on which each culture writes its text. 同位语 作用：1、对名词进行补充说明；2、使句子简洁，增加表达多样性普通同位语:（A，B=n.）Eg1. Robots will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few dec
4、isions for themselvesgoals that pose a real challenge.同位语从句n.+连接词（that）+完整句n 插入语 作用：( ) 任何一个成分都可充当插入语。 同位语和插入语的处理方法：_n 状语 作用：1、修饰和限定形容词，动词；2、修饰整个句子 状语的识别：状语在句子中的位置不确定 状语的处理方法：剥离（删除）例1：Using techniques developed for the offshore oil and gas industry, the DSDPs drill ship, the Glomar Challenger, was a
5、ble to maintain a steady position on the oceans surface and drill in very deep waters, extracting samples of sediments and rocks from the ocean floor.例2：A few art collectors-James Bowdoin of Boston, William Byrd of Virginian, and the Aliens And Hamilton of Philadelphia-introduced European art tradit
6、ions to those colonists privileged to visit their galleries, especially aspiring artists, and established in their respective communities the idea of the value art and the need for institutions devoted to its encouragement. 非简单句的障碍来源1、 _2、 _ 非简单句的障碍解决方案n 关联词和主句专一原则u 关联词： 主句专一原则： 句子之间的关联方式u1.并列l并列联词的
7、用法结构上的并列：连接前后功能、性质、用法上完全一致的成分，从后往前寻找并列成分（句中并列）语义上的并列：连接前后语意相同或相反的句子（句间并列）并列连词表示并列的终结u2. 主从复合l常见的复杂句形式 名词性从句：主语、宾语、表语、同位语从句 三大从句： 定语从句 状语从句常见的关联词：名词性从句：关系代词：what 关系连词：when,where,why,how,that定语从句: 状语从句：见后表格； 区分几个句式：状语从句种类常用连接词特殊连接词时间状语从句When, while, as, before, since, till, until, as soon as1. 一些时间名词：
8、the moment, the instant, the minute, the day, next time, every time2. 一些副词：instantly, immediately, directly3. 固定搭配的连词：no sooner-than, hardly-when, scarcely-when.地点状语从句WhereWherever, anywhere, everywhere原因状语从句Because, as, for, sinceSeeing that, considering that, now that, given that, in that, inasmuc
9、h as, insomuch as目的状语从句So that, in order that, thatLest, for fear that, in case, in the hope that, on purpose that, for the purpose that, to the end that结果状语从句So-that, so that, such-thatSuch that, to the degree that, to the extent that, to such a degree that, to such an extent that条件状语从句If, unlessSu
10、ppose, supposing, providing, provided(特别关注：supposed, provide不用作条件从句的连词）on condition that, so long as, as long as让步状语从句Although, though, even though, even ifWhile(一般用在句首), as(用于倒装结构),whatever, whoever, whichever, however, whenever, wherever, whether - or-, as adj. as +主谓结构用在句首比较状语从句As, thanThe more-,
11、 the more-; just as-, so-;A is to B what/as C is to D; no more-than;not A so much as B/not so much A as B方式状语从句as, the way 层次化句子阅读方法u1.层次化结构的表示形式 u2.括号匹配原则（保证每个括号当中都是完整的简单句；括号要成对出现）l 画左括号的条件l 画右括号的条件例1：However, for many years, physicists thought that atoms and molecules always were much more likely
12、to emit light spontaneously and that stimulated emission thus always would be much weaker.例2：It appeared that Canada was once more falling in step with the trend toward smaller families that occurred through all the Western world since the time of the Industrial Revolution.例3：The history of clinical
13、 nutrition or the study of the relationship between health and how the body takes in and utilizes food substances, can be divided into four distinct eras: the first began in the nineteenth century and extended into the early twentieth century when it was recognized for the first time that food contained constituents that were essential for human function and that different foods provided different amounts of these essential agents. 例4：The desperate plight of the South has eclip
