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1、Unit4 Earthquakes-语法篇_通过本节课的学习掌握关系代词引导的定语从句。定语从句（）关系代词的用法复合句中修饰主句中某一名词或代词的从句，叫做定语从句。它所修饰的名词或代词叫做先行词。它的基本构成：先行词+关系词+定语从句。连接先行词和定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词分为关系代词和关系副词两种。关系词的主要作用是连接主句和从句，同时指代先行词，并在从句中充当一定的句子成分。定语从句又分限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。引导定语从句的词有两种：关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose等；关系副词有when, where, why等。其具
2、体用法见下表：关系代词指代的先行词在从句中所作的成分who指人主语、宾语、表语whom指人宾语whose指人或物定语which指物主语、宾语、表语that指人或物主语、宾语、表语一、关系代词的用法1.who指人，在定语从句中可以充当主语、宾语或表语。Here comes the girl who wants to see you.想见你的那个女孩过来了。Danny is a man who we should learn from.丹尼是我们应该学习的一个人。2.whom指人，在定语从句中作宾语，可省略，也可用who代替。Rose is the person whom you should l
3、ook after.罗斯是你应该照顾的人。3.whose可修饰人，也可修饰物,表“所属”关系，whose在定语从句中作定语。I know the person whose company produces computers.我认识那个人，他的公司生产电脑。4.which指事物，在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语，作宾语时可省略。China is a country which has a long history.中国是一个具有悠久历史的国家。5.that既可指人，也可指物，在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语，作宾语时可省略。习惯上多用who，whom指人，多用which指物。The number
4、of people that come to visit this city each year reaches one million.每年来参观这座城市的人数达一百万。The bag that lies on the ground is hers.地上放的那个包是她的。（that指物，作主语）误区警示 关系代词代替先行词在定语从句中充当主语、宾语、定语，因此定语从句中不能再出现关系代词所替代的名词或代词。译昨天晚上我们看的那部电影非常感人。误The film (that/which) we saw it last night is very moving.正The film (that/w
5、hich) we saw last night is very moving.关系代词作主语时，不能省略；关系代词作宾语时可以省略。Is that the girl (whom/that/who) you spoke of the other day?那就是你前几天所提到的女孩吗？二、只能用that而不用which引导定语从句的情况1.先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰或先行词本身是序数词或形容词最高级时。This is the most delicious food that I have ever had.这是我吃过的最美味的食品。2.先行词是不定代词，如all, little, few,
6、much, everything, anything, nothing, none, some等时。All that can be done has been done.一切能做的都已经做了。3.先行词被all, every, no, the only, the very, the last等修饰时。Ive read all the books that are not mine.我已经读了所有那些不是我的书。The only thing that she could do was go to the police for help.她唯一能做的事就是去求助警察。学法点拨 ：以上三种情况有一个
7、共同特点，就是先行词或先行词之前的修饰语往往带有“唯一”或者“全部”概念，以致无法作出“选择”。因为关系代词which原来也是疑问代词，表示“哪一个”，含有选择意味，所以，用that引导万无一失。4.先行词既有人又有物时。We often talk about the persons and things that we remember.我们常常谈起我们记得的人和事。5.当主句是以which开头的特殊疑问句时。Which of the books that you bought is the most useful for my writing?你买的书中哪一本对我写作最有用？6.关系代词在
8、定语从句中作to be的表语时。He isnt the boy that he used to be.他不再是过去的男孩了。三、只能用which而不用that引导定语从句的情况1.引导非限制性定语从句时。Football, which is a very interesting game, is played all over the world.足球，一项非常有趣的运动，在全世界得到了普及。2.当关系代词前有介词时。This is the house in which he once lived.这就是他曾经住过的房子。3.当先行词本身就是that时。That which you told
9、him about is what we want to know.你告诉他的事情就是我们想知道的。4.在限制性定语从句中，如果有两个定语从句，其中一句的关系词是that，那么另一句的关系词就需用which。Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly open.让我给你看看我从新开放的图书馆借来的小说。四、as引导定语从句1.as用作关系代词，既可指人，也可指物。在定语从句中可作主语、宾语或表语。它常用在the same.as., such.as., as.as.等句型中，as不能省略。S
10、uch teachers as know Tom think him bright.认识汤姆的老师都认为他聪明。Ill buy the same dictionary as you have.我要买和你的一样的词典。误区警示 当先行词被such, the same修饰时，也可用that引导定语从句，但指同一物，而不是同一类。This is the same bike that I lost two months ago.这就是两个月前我丢的那辆自行车。（同一辆自行车）比较：This is the same bike as I lost two months ago.这辆自行车像两个月前我丢的那
11、辆。（相像的自行车）2.as与which都可作为着关系代词引导非限制性定语从句，代表主句的整个内容，区别如下：as引导的非限制性定语从句1)位置灵活，可以置于主句的句首、句中或句末；2)先行词不可是一个词，必须是整个主句或主句的部分内容；3)有“正如、像”等意思，表依据、评论、态度、看法等；如：a.Thiselephantislikeasnake, asanybodycansee.像任何人都能看见那样，这头象像条蛇。b.Hefailedintheexam,aswehadexpected.c.Tomhaspassedthetest,aseverybodyknows.正如每个人所了解的那样，汤姆通
12、过了考试。4) 常用以下谓语动词的主、被动语态：know, see, say, expect, imagine, hope, believe, announce, suggest, report, point out,例： a.主动（做宾）：as we all know, as you know, as everybody knows; as you see, as we can see, as we have seen, as anybody can see; as was expected; as we can imagine, as we have imaginedb. 被动（做主）：a
13、s is known to everybody, as is known to all; as has been expected; as is often the case (with ), as has been pointed out, as is usual with, as is reported in the newspapera) He is an honest man, as is known to all. b) As is often the case with young people, he was overconfident.2.which引导非限制性定语从句1)只能
14、置于句中或句末（即不可置于句首，只能置于先行词之后）；2)先行词即可是一个词，也可是整个主句或主句的部分内容；是整个主句时，从句谓语动词用三单。a.HeseemsnottohavegraspedwhatImeant,whichgreatlyupsetsme.他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。3.互换条件：1)非限定从中的as表依据评论，which表事实状态等，但差别不大时可互换。2)注意位置：which引导的非限制性定语从句不能置于句首。例如：Ascanbeseenfromhisskin,hemustbefromAfrica.=HemustbefromAfrica,which/ascanbeseenfromhisskin.例1.(2015 湖南高考)It is a truly delightful place, _ looks the same as it must have done 100 years ago with its winding streets and pretty cottages. A. as B. where C. that D. which解析：根据分析，此句是一个非限制性定语从句，先行词是place，在定语从句中是作主语的，所以用
