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1、The essays of English critic, novelist, and poet G. K. Chesterton are often characterized by paradox and sly wit. Consider what compels Chesterton in The Superstition of School to argue that without a gentle contempt for education, no gentlemans education is complete.The Superstition of Schoolby G.
2、K. ChestertonIt is an error to suppose that advancing years bring retrogressing opinions. In other words, it is not true that men growing old must be growing reactionary. Some of the difficulties of recent times have been due to the obstinate optimism of the old revolutionary. Magnificent old men li
3、ke Russian revolutionary Peter Kropotkin and poet Walt Whitman and William Morris went to their graves expecting Utopia if they did not expect Heaven. But the falsehood, like so many falsehoods, is a false version of a half-truth. The truth, or half- truth, is not that men must learn by experience t
4、o be reactionaries; but that they must learn by experience to expect reactions. And when I say reactions I mean reactions; I must apologize, in the world of current culture, for using the word in its correct sense.If a boy fires off a gun, whether at a fox, a landlord or a reigning sovereign, he wil
5、l be rebuked according to the relative value of these objects. But if he fires off a gun for the first time it is very likely that he will not expect the recoil, or know what a heavy knock it can give him. He may go blazing away through life at these and similar objects in the landscape; but he will
6、 be less and less surprised by the recoil; that is, by the reaction. He may even dissuade his little sister of six from firing off one of the heavy rifles designed for the destruction of elephants; and will thus have the appearance of being himself a reactionary. Very much the same principle applies
7、 to firing off the big guns of revolution. It is not a mans ideals that change; it is not his Utopia that is altered; the cynic who says, You will forget all that moonshine of idealism when you are older, says the exact opposite of the truth. The doubts that come with age are not about the ideal, bu
8、t about the real. And one of the things that are undoubtedly real is reaction: that is, the practical probability of some reversal of direction, and of our partially succeeding in doing the opposite of what we mean to do. What experience does teach us is this: that there is something in the make-up
9、and mechanism of mankind, whereby the result of action upon it is often unexpected, and almost always more complicated than we expect.These are the snags of sociology; and one of them is concerned with Education. If you ask me whether I think the populace, especially the poor, should be recognized a
10、s citizens who can rule the state, I answer in a voice of thunder, Yes. If you ask me whether I think they ought to have education, in the sense of a wide culture and familiarity with the classics of history, I again answer, Yes. But there is, in the achievement of this purpose, a sort of snag or re
11、coil that can only be discovered by experience and does not appear in print at all. It is not allowed for on paper, even so much as is the recoil of a gun. Yet it is at this moment an exceedingly practical part of practical politics; and, while it has been apolitical problem for a very long time pas
12、t, it is a little more marked (if I may stain these serene and impartial pages with so political a suggestion) under recent conditions that have brought so many highly respectable Socialists and widely respected Trade Union officials to the front.The snag in it is this: that the self-educated think
13、far too much of education. I might add that the half-educated always think everything of education. That is not a fact that appears on the surface of the social plan or ideal; it is the sort of thing that can only be discovered by experience. When I said that I wanted the popular feeling to find pol
14、itical expression, I meant the actual and autochthonous popular feeling as it can be found in third-class carriages and bean-feasts and bank-holiday crowds; and especially, of course (for the earnest social seeker after truth), in public-houses. I thought, and I still think, that these people are ri
15、ght on a vast number of things on which the fashionable leaders are wrong.The snag is that when one of these people begins to improve himself it is exactly at that moment that I begin to doubt whether it is an improvement. He seems to me to collect with remarkable rapidity a number of superstitions,
16、 of which the most blind and benighted is what may be called the Superstition of School. He regards School, not as a normal social institution to be fitted in to other social institutions, like Home and Church and State; but as some sort of entirely supernormal and miraculous moral factory, in which perfect men and women are made by magic. To this idolatry of School he is ready to sacrifice Home and History and Humanity, with all its instincts and
