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1、 Qs: 1. How do you understand the definition of linguistics: Linguistics is the scientific study of language. Linguistics investigates not any particular language, but languages in general. Linguistic study is scientific because it is based on the systematic investigation of authentic(可靠的，真实的) langu
2、age data. No serious linguistic conclusion is reached until after the linguist has done the following three things: observing the way language is actually used, formulating some hypotheses, and testing these hypotheses against linguistic facts to prove their validity. 2. In what basic ways does mode
3、rn linguistics differ from traditional grammar? 1) Firstly, linguistics is descriptive while traditional grammar is prescriptive. 2) Secondly, modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written. 3) Thirdly, modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar also in that it d
4、oes not force languages into a Latin-based framework. 3. Why is speech considered as the primary medium of human language? 1.First, speech precedes writing. The writing system is always a later invention used to record the speech. There are still some languages that only have the spoken form. 2.Then
5、, a larger amount of communication is carried out in speech than in writing. 3.Third, speech is the form in which infants acquire their native language. 4. Whats the difference between langue and parole? Langue: the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community. Parole: the
6、realization of langue in actual use. 但索氏语言（Langue）乃一抽象语言系统，他的言语（Parole）指日常语言，两者均为结构语言学研究对象。海德格尔言谈，则与逻各斯古意相通。 5. Whats the difference between competence and performance? Competence is the ideal users knowledge of the rules of his language While Performance is the actual realization of this knowledge
7、in linguistic communication(语言能力和语言行为) it makes the distinction between the abstract language system and the actual use of language. 6. Whats the difference between the distinction of langue Vs. parole and that of competence Vs. performance?Both of them make the distinction between the abstract lang
8、uage system and the actual use of language. Their purpose is to single out one aspect of language for serious study. They differ in that the former takes a sociological view of language and the notion of langue is a matter of social conventions; and the latter looks at language from a psychological
9、point of view and competence is a property of the mind of each individual.2.Review 3 1. What are the major branches of linguistics? phonetics,phonology,morphology,syntax,semantics,pragmatics,sociolinguistics,pcycholinguistics,appled linguistics,2. What does each branch of linguistics study?Phonetics
10、-its defined as the study of the phonic medium of language, its concerned with all the sounds that occur in the worlds languages. Phonology-the study of sounds systemsthe inventory of distinctive sounds that occur in a language and the patterns into which they fall. Morphology-Its a branch of a gram
11、mar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. Syntax-its a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of a language. Semantics-Its simply defined as the study of meaning in abstraction. Pragmatics-the study of meaning in context of words.
12、 Sociolinguisticsthe study of language with reference to society. Psycholinguistics-the study of language with reference to the working of the mind. Applied linguistics-the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning. General linguistics普通语言学-the study of lang
13、uage as a whole: it deals with the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistics.3.Review 4 1. How do you understand “Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication”?答：First of all, language is a system, because elements of lan
14、guage are combined according to rules. Secondly, language is arbitrary because there is no intrinsic connection between form and meaning, or between the sign and what it stands for. Different languages have different words for the same object in the world. This fact is a good illustration of the arb
15、itrary nature of language. This also explains the symbolic nature of language: words are just symbols; they are associated with objects, actions, ideas, etc. by convention. Thirdly, language is vocal because the primary medium is sound for all languages, no matter how well-developed their writing sy
16、stems are.The term “human” in the definition indicates that language is possessed by human beings only and is very different from the communication systems of other living creatures. The term “communication” means that language makes it possible for its users to talk to each other and fulfill their communicative needs
