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1、Unit 5 Materials Research: Today and Future材料研究:今天和未来useful terms:miniaturization 小型化synthetic adj 合成的 人造的biotechnology 生物技术 生物工艺学nanotechnology 纳米技术sequence 分子的序列结构tacticity 立构规整度life cycle 寿命周期 使用寿命down scaling 减小尺度smart material 智能材料functional material 功能材料supramolecular chemistry 超分子化学molecular
2、weight 分子量molecular weight distribution 分子量分布dendritic 树枝状的reshuffle 重新洗牌 重组 改组merger 合并 归并extrapolate 推断 外推pharmaceutical 制药的 药学的synergy 合力 协力 协同作用infrastructure 基础结构entrepreneurial 企业家的fullerene 富勒烯nanotube 纳米管hyperbranched 超支化的dendrimer 树枝状单体non-covalent 非共价键的mindset 固定的习惯venture capital 风险投资The
3、future of the business in polymeric materials is influenced to a large extent by three factors：macro-trends in society, developments in science and technology and the outcome of the present turmoil in the chemical industryLooking at the future needs of the society，it is expected that an increasing p
4、ressure will be exerted in the next decades by the society at large on the chemical industry，to come to a higher level of sustainabilityThe development of really sustainable products and processes will become more and more important. On the other hand，the most striking development in material scienc
5、e and technology is an ever increasing control on the molecular and the supramolecular level，up to the nano length scaleThe interest of polymer scientists has shifted from new monomers and their (co) polymers towards functional and smart materials，resulting from the mimicking of the perfect control
6、of macromolecular structure and function as found in natureIt is expected that these developments will provide the solutions for more sustainable products and process.在聚合材料方面的市场的未来很大程度上受三个因素的影响：社会的宏观趋势，科学与技术的发展和目前化学工业中变动的成果。纵观社会将来的需求，有人预料，由社会给化学工业带来的越来越多的压力将在随后几十年间将显露出来，将到达一个很高的水平并持续下去。真正的可持续的产品和工艺的
7、发展将变得越来越重要。另一个方面，在材料科学与技术中最显著的发展是不断的增加对分子水平，超分子水平，一直到纳米尺度的操控的能力。聚合物科学家的兴趣已经从新的单体和它们的共聚物转移到功能材料和智能材料，结果就出现了熟练的调控大分子结构和功能的模拟手段，这些大分子是在自然界中发现的。有人预料，这些发展将带来更多为开发可持续的产品和工艺的解决办法。The third factor is a thorough reshuffling of the activities in the chemical industry. The position of the “advanced materials”
8、in this redistribution is not clear. It might even happen that a substantial part of this business disappears from the chemical industry toward for instance the electronic industry. Traditionally, industrial research tried to establish the link between there elements(Fi8.1.1)：the running business，th
9、e future needs of society and the development in science and technologyAt this moment，change happen in all three spheres， which are so fundamental that industrial polymer research has to adapt in a dramatic way to a completely new situation.第三个因素是在化学工业中的活动的一个彻底的改组。先进材料在这个再分布中的位置不明显。市场的实质部分从化学工业中消失，并
10、转向电子工业的时候，它可能正好发生。传统上,工业研究试图建立链与那些元素之间的关系(Fi8.1.1):企业经营,未来的社会需求和发展科学与技术。此刻,在所有的三个领域发生变化, 如此基本的工业聚合体研究必须要适应一个戏剧性的方式在一个全新的局面。The changing society 不断变化的社会The evolution of our society can be illustrated with a series of S-curves, reflecting life cycles of eras (Fig.1.2).After having lived in an agricult
11、ural society for ages, we turned into an industrial society at the end of the l8th century. A couple of centuries later, after the second world war, we again entered a new era, triggered by the development of computers. Now, after just some decades, we are at the point to make a new jump into an era
12、, characterized by an almost unlimited access to knowledge and information via the worldwide web, but also characterized by down scaling and miniaturization, thanks to smart material and function material. This will be the outcome of the integration of the natural and the synthetic approach to mater
13、ials, the integration of biotechnology and advanced material science. R.W. Oliver labeled it “the Bioterials age”.我们社会的进化可以给出一系列S曲线,反映时代的生命周期(Fig.1.2) 在长期处在一个农业社会之后,我们在18世纪结束的时候变成了一个工业社会。几个世纪过去了,第二次世界大战以后我们又进入了一个新的时代,引发电脑的发展。当今,只是几十年,我们在这一点上使其跳进了一个新时代,其不但以通过全球资讯网获取几乎无限知识和资讯为特点,而且由于智能材料和功能材料的运用具有扩展性和
14、小型化。这将是集成自然和材料合成方法，生物技术和先进的材料科学的结果。奥利弗R.W.标示:“这时期”。Major changes in society are almost always brought about by technological revolutions. In this respect, I remember Sir George Porter stating that James Watt had liberated more slaves from slavery than any politician ever did by inventing the steam e
15、ngine. In fact, by this invention, James Watt initiated the industrial era.主要的社会变迁所带来的几乎总是技术革命。在这方面,我记得乔治先生波特说过詹姆斯瓦特通过发明了蒸汽机比任何政治家曾经所做的事儿从奴隶制下解放了更多奴隶。Which are the m or technologies that lie at the basis of present transformation ? 哪个主要的技术是目前转型的基础?In a study performed by the Study Centre for Technol
16、ogy Trends in the Netherlands, but also in many other studies, it was concluded, at this turn of the centuries, three major waves of technology are affecting society: the silicone technology, the biotechnology and the nanotechnology. Silicon technology took off in the fifties and in fact brought about the former jump. One can say that it changed the world completely in 50 years. It is
