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1、ENVIRONMENT ? AIR AND LAND_ 一 J_ 一EMISSIONS OF CARBON DIOXIDE (CO 2)Carbon dioxide ( CO?) makes up the largest share of “greenhouse gases ” . The addition of man-made greenhouse gases to the atmosphere disturbs the earth s radiativebalance. This is leading to an increase in the earth temperature and
2、 to related effects on climate, sea level rise and world agriculture.Defin iti onThe table refers to emissions ofCO? from burning oil, coaland gas for energy use. Carbon dioxide also enters the atmosphere from burning wood and waste materials and from some industrial processes such as cement product
3、ion. Emissions ofCO2 from these sources are a relatively smallpart of global emissions and are not included in these statistics. The Revised 1996 PCC Guidelines for NationalComparabilityThese emissions estimates are affected by the quality of theunderlying energy data. For example, some countries, b
4、oth s surfaceOECD and non-OECD, have trouble reporting information onbunker fuels and incorrectly define bunkers as fuel usedabroad by their own ships and planes. Since emissions from bunkers are excluded from the national totals, this affects the comparability across countries. On the other hand, s
5、ince the estimates have been made using the same method and emission factors for all countries, in general, the comparability across countries is quite good.Greenhouse Gas nventories (see below) provide a fuller, technical definition of howCO2 emissions have beenestimated for this table. The forecas
6、ts provided in the table refer to the Reference Scenario of theWorld Energy OutlookSourcesLong-term tre ndsGlobal emissions of carbon dioxideI have risen by 92%, or on average 1.9% per year, since 1971, and are projected to rise by another 54% by 2030, or by 1.8% per year. In 1971, the current OECD
7、countries were responsible for 66% of the total. As a consequence of rapidly increasing emissions in the developing world, the OECD contribution to the total fell to 48% in 2005, but this is expected to fall to 36% by 2030. By far, the largest increases in non-OECD countries occurred in Asia, where
8、emissions in China have risen by 5.6% per annum between 1971 and 2005. The use of coal in China increased levels ofCO： by 3.5 billion tonnes over the34-year period.Two significant downturns can be seen in OECDCO2emissions, following the oil shocks of the mid-1970s and early 1980s. Emissions from the
9、 economies in transition declined over the last decade, helping to offset the OECD increases between 1990 and the present. However, this decline did not stabilise global emissions as emissions in developing countries grew.Disaggregating the emissions data shows substantial variations within individu
10、al sectors. Between 1971 and 2005, the combined share of electricity and heat generation and transport shifted from one-half to two- thirds of global emissions.Fossil fuel shares in overall emissions changed slightly during the period. The relative weight of coal in global emissions has remained at
11、approximately 40% since the early 1970s. The share of natural gas has increased from 15% in 1971 to 20% in 2005. Oil s share decreased from49% to 40%. Fuel switching and the increasing use of non-fossil energy sources reduced theCOz/total primaryenergy supply (TPES) ratio by 7% over the past 34 year
12、s.IEA (2007), CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion : 1971/2005: 2007 Edition , IEA, Paris.IEA (2007), World Energy Outlook 2007: China and India Insights , IEA, Paris.Further in formati onAnalytical publications? ECMT (2007), Cutting Transport CO 2 Emissions: What Progress?, ECMT, Paris.? IEA (2006),
13、Energy Technology Perspectives: Scenarios and Strategies to 2050 , IEA, Paris.? IEA (2007), Climate Policy Uncertainty and Investment Risk , IEA, Paris.? IEA (2007), Energy Security and Climate Policy- AssessingInteractions , IEA, Paris.? IEA (2007), Legal Aspects of Storing CO2: Update andRecommend
14、ations , IEA, Paris.IEA (2007), Tracking Industrial Energy Efficiency and CO Emissions , IEA, Paris.OECD (2004), Can Cars Come Clean? Strategies for Low- Emission Vehicles , OECD, Paris.OECD (2006), Climate Change in the European Alps: Adapting Winter Tourism and Natural Hazards Management, OECD,Par
15、is.OECD (2006), The Political Economy of Environmentally Related Taxes, OECD, Paris.Statistical publications? IEA (2007), Energy Balances of Non-OECD Countries , IEA, Paris.? IEA (2007), Energy Balances of OECD Countries , IEA, Paris.Methodological publications? WMO, UNEP , OECD, IEA (1996), Revised
16、 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories , IPCC/OECD/IEA, Paris.Online databases? CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion180OECD FACTBOOK 2008 ISBN 9789264-04054-0- ? OECD 2008CO2emissi onsMillionfromtonnesen ergyuse19711990199519961997199819992000200120022003200420052030Australia143260
