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1、名词解释(10选5，一个4分)=Theminimalfreeformofalanguage,whichhasagivensound,meaningandsyntacticfunction.词根=Thebasicunchangeablepartofaword,andcoversthemainlexicalmeaningoftheword.词缀=Affixesareformsthatareattachedtowordsorwordelementstomodifymeaningorfunction.一词多义=Polysemymeansthatonesinglewordhastwoormoresens
2、esatthesametime.同形异义=日。皿onymsaredifferentwordswiththesameform(spellingorpronunciation)完全同形异义=Perfecthomonymsaredifferentwordsidenticalbothinsoundandspelling,thoughdifferentinmeaning.同音异形异义=Homophonesaredifferentwordsidenticalinsoundbutdifferentinspellingandmeaning.同形异音异义=Homographsaredifferentwordsi
3、denticalinspelling,butdifferentinsoundormeaning.同义关系=Synonymyisarelationshipof“samenessofmeaning”thatmayholdbetweentwowords.反义关系=Antonymyisarelationshipof“meaningopposition”thatmayholdbetweentwowords.上下义关系=Hyponymyisthesenserelationshipthatrelateswordshierarchically.Theunderlyingobservationisthatsom
4、ewordshaveamoregeneralmeaning,whileothershaveamorespecificmeaning,whilereferringtothesameentity.问答题(6选3，一题10分)1. (1)Whatdoesonomatopoeticmotivationmean?(2) Whatdoessemanticmotivationmean?(3) Doseitcontradictthestatementthatthereisnonaturalconnectionbetweensoundandmeaning?Answer:(1) Onomatopoeicmotiv
5、ationmeansdefiningtheprincipleofmotivationbysound.(2) Semanticmotivationmeansthatmotivationisbasedonsemanticfactors.(3) Factshaveprovedthisargumenttobevalid.Wordsthatconveythesamemeaninghavedifferentphonologicalformsindifferentlanguages(forexample,Englishmeat/mi:t/Chineserou.Alternatively,thesamepho
6、nologicalformsmayconveydifferentmeanings-forexample,sight,site,cite.)2. HowmanykindsofmeaningarethereinEnglish?Answer:Thereare8kindsofmeaninginEnglish,includinggrammaticalmeaning,lexicalmeaning,denotativemeaning,associativemeaning,connotativemeaning,social(stylistic)meaning,affectivemeaning,collocat
7、ivemeaning.3. (1)Whatiscontext?(2)Whatroledosecontextplayinlinguisticcommunication?(以下答案摘自网络，回答稍冗长，请适当精简)Answer:(1) Contextinitstraditionalsensereferstothelexicalitemsthatprecedeorfollowagivenword.Andthereislinguisticcontext,referstothewords,clauses,sentences,paragraphs,orwholebooksinwhichawordappea
8、rs.Andextra-linguisticcontext,whichreferstoaparticulartime,space,orcultureinwhichawordappears.Therealsoislexicalcontext:thelexemesthatco-occurwiththewordinquestion.Themeaningofthewordisaffectedordeterminedbytheneighboringlexemes.(2) Contextcanfunctionasfollowed:eliminatingambiguity;conveyingemotiona
9、lovertones;indicatingreferentsandtherangeofthemeaningofaword.4.5. (1)Whatarethemajortypesofsynonymy?(2)(3)Explainthosetypeswithexamples.Answer:(1)Ingeneral,Englishsynonymscanbedividedintotwotypes:completesynonymsandrelativesynonyms.(2)Absolutesynonymsarewordswhosemeaningisfullyidenticalinanycontexts
10、othatonecanalwaysbesubstitutedfortheotherwithouttheslightestchangeinmeaning.Forexample:(例子自己找)(3)Relativesynonymsreferstowhichdenotedifferentshadesofmeaningordifferentdegreesofagivenquality.Thiskindsofsynonymsarethesameinsomedegreesuchas(例子自己找)6. (1)Whatarethemajortypesofantonymy?(2)(3)(4)(5)Explain
11、thosetypeswithexamples.Answer:(1)Therearefourtypesofantonymy,includingcomplementaries,gradableantonyms,relationaloppositesandsemanticincompatibles(2)Complementariesrefertopairsofwordsthatrepresentaneither/orrelation.(例子找书去)(3) Antonymsofthistypearebestviewedintermsofascalerunningbetweentwopolesorext
12、remes.Thetwooppositesaregradable.(例子找书去)(4) Thesubstitutionofonememberfortheotherdoesnotchangethemeaningofasentenceifitisaccompaniedbythechangeofsubjectandobject.(例子找书去)(5) Thewordsinagroupofsemanticincompatiblesareincontrasttotheothermembersofthegroup,showingacontrastingnessrelationshipbetweenworda
13、ndword(例子找书去)7. Whatarethepossiblecausesoflanguagechange?(由于网上答案太泛，思路混乱，因此直接将课本原话翻译过来作为答案。)Answer:Thepossiblecausesoflanguagechangeareasfollowed:(1)Varioussocialcauses(includingthechangeofsocialevolution,socialenvironment,sociallevel,nationalsentiment,racialsentiment,genderdifferences,socialvaluesandgobbledygook).(2)Theevolutionofthelanguage(includingloanword,analogyandthesimplifyingofwords)
