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1、对外贸易依存度：反映一国对外贸易与该国国民经济之间关系的重要指标，它一般表现为一国的对外贸易额与该国的国民生产总值或国内生产总值之比Degree of Dependence upon Foreign Trade: It is the ratio between Trade Value and GDP. It shows the importance of foreign trade to the domestic economy in a nation.贸易结构：某一时期贸易的构成状况。货物贸易和服务贸易的构成状况（广义）。各种商品的构成状况（狭义）Composition of Trade：I
2、t provides information on the percentage of goods and services in the trade.贸易额：以金额表示的贸易总值Value of Trade：It provides the total value on export and import to a nation or the total value on export to the world. It is accounted on the basic of instant price.贸易量：用于货物贸易规模的统计。以数量、重量、长度、面积、体积来表示进出口商品的多少。Qu
3、antum of Trade: It provides the total value on export and import to a nation or the total value on export to the world. But It is accounted on the basic of price index.贸易所得：一国的行业间相对劳动生产率不同会在不同的产品生产中进行专业化分工，并且把产品与其他国家进行贸易而获得利益，这就是一国的贸易所得。Gains from trade：different industries may carry through profess
4、ional specialization in producing different commodities based on relative productivity, and trade them with other countries to gain profits.肯定优势：生产某种商品的机会成本低，或者反过来说，生产某种商品的劳动生产率最高。Absolute advantage: The greater efficiency that one nation may have over another in the production of a commodity.比较优势：一
5、个国家在本国生产一种产品的机会成本（用其他产品来衡量）低于在其他国家生产该产品的机会成本Comparative advantage：Even if one nation is less efficient than the other nation in the production of both commodities, there is still a basis for mutually beneficial trade.One country producing a commodity in a lower opportunity cost than the other countr
6、y is called it has a comparative advantage in this commodity.要素密集度：产品中生产要素的投入比例。Factor intensity: It refers to the production of one unit of a product used a combination of factors of production ratio.要素丰裕度：一个国家所拥有的经济资源的相对丰富性相对供应量。Factor abundance: It is a measure of a country owned by the relative
7、abundance of economic resources, or resources of a country relative supply贸易条件：一国出口商品的国际市场价格Px与该国进口商品的国际市场价格Pm的比率。Terms of Trade: In economics, the ratio of export price (PX) in international market and price of imported goods (PM) in international market is called the countrys terms of trade 斯托尔珀-萨
8、缪尔森定理：某一商品相对价格的上升，将导致该商品密集运用的生产要素的实际价格或酬劳提高，而另一种生产要素的实际价格或酬劳下降。Stolper-Samuelson Theorem:：the relative price of a commodity increase, will accordingly let the return of factors of production intensively used increase , but other decline.产业内贸易:各国之间及进口有出口同一类产品Intra-industry trade: International trade
9、in the differentiated products of the same industry or broad product group.产业间贸易：各国之间的贸易主要是不同产品之间的贸易。Inter-industry trade: International trade in the differentiated products of the difference industry or broad product group.罗伯津斯基定理:一个国家只生产两种产品，在商品相对价格固定不变的前提下，某一生产要素的增长将导致密集运用该要素部门的生产增加，使密集运用其他要素的部门的
10、生产下降。Rybczyski Theorem: Postulates that at constant commodity prices, an increase in the endowment of one factor will increase the output of the commodity in that factor and will reduce the output of the other commodity.荷兰病：一个行业的增长扩张导致其他行业的萎缩Dutch disease：In economics, the Dutch disease is a concept
11、 that explains the apparent relationship between the increase in exploitation of natural resources and a decline in the manufacturing sector.福利恶化型增长：出口商品生产实力的提高对贸易条件和国内经济可能产生不利影响Immiserizing growth：It is the situation where a nations terms of trade deteriorate so much as a result of growth that the
12、nation is worse off after growth than before, even if growth without trade tends to improve the nations welfare.自由贸易政策：国家取消对进出口贸易和服务贸易的限制和障碍，取消对本国进出口贸易和服务贸易的各种特权和优待，使商品自由进出口，服务贸易自由经营.Free Trade Policy: Under free trade policy, the government would not intervene in foreign trade. The country will tra
13、de freely with other countries according to their comparative advantages爱护贸易政策：国家广泛利用各种措施对进口和经营领域与范围进行限制，爱护本土的产品和服务在本国市场上免受外国产品和服务的竞争，并对本国出口的产品和服务赐予优待与补贴。Restrict Trade Policy: Under restrictive trade policy, government would take number of different actions , including taxes on some international t
14、ransactions, subsidies for other transactions, legal limits on the value or volume of particular imports, and many other measures to protect the trade.反补贴税：对干脆或间接的接受任何补贴的外国进口商品所征收的一种进口附加税。Counter-vailling duties（CVD）: is a kind of additional tax imposed on foreign imports that directly or indirectly
15、 accept any subsidy反倾销税：对实行倾销的进口商品所征收的一种进口附加税。Anti-dumping duties：is a kind of additional tax imposed on dumping commodities.最佳关税：大国征收关税能影响国际价格，从而使出口国担当部分关税，并改善本土的贸易条件。Optimal tariff：is the tariff rate that maximizes the net benefit resulting from the improvement in the nations terms of trade agains
16、t the negative effect resulting from reduction in the volume of trade.有效爱护率：征收关税后受爱护行业的每单位最终产品附加价值增加的百分比。Effective rate of Protection: is calculated on the increase in domestic value added, or processing, offered by tariff protection. It is important to the producers because it indicates how much protection is actually provided to the domestic processing and
