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1、发展现代农业：现实挑战与路径选择摘 要新中国成立以来，党和政府就一直在努力探索如何建设现代农业，如何实现农业现代化。从整体上看，促进传统农业向现代农业的转变，既应遵循全球农业发展的一般规律又应考虑我国经济社会发展的实际情况。本文以中国现代农业制度作为研究对象，以现代农业制度的发展演变为研究的切入点，以现代农业制度的绩效和面临的困境分析为研究的关键点，借助制度变迁的相关理论，重点研究未来现代农业制度的路径选择。现代农业与传统农业有根本的不同，现代农业是以用现代物质条件装备，用现代科学技术改造，用现代产业体系提升，用现代经营形式推进，用现代发展理念引领的农业产业形态。现代农业的基本特征是：科技进步
2、主导性、资源配置市场化、产业结构优质化、区域生产专业化。发展现代农业面临良好机遇：以现代科学技术改造农业，发展技术密集型的现代产业成为世界潮流；以高科技为基础的设施农业正在兴起，从根本上改变了农业的传统生产方式；现代可持续发展理念正引领农业走向现代化，政府在发展现代农业过程中越来越重要。发展现代农业同样面临现实困境：农业天然的弱质性，农业人口多而人均资源少，农业科技进步与生产相脱节，向工业倾斜的经济政策以及限制城乡流动的户籍制度等。国外现代农业发展蒸蒸日上，美国的规模经营型农业发展模式突出表现在科技应用、土地制度、政府作用以及销售合作社等方面。日本的集约型农业发展模式从生物技术、政府作用、兼业
3、化以及农业协同组织方面做到了极致。法国的专业化农业发展模式在土地政策、专业化生产、政府投资、合作社方面成为典型。各国农业发展模式对我国现代农业发展具有有益的借鉴作用，我国现代农业模式的选择应重点学习发达国家长处，倡导科技进步作为现代农业的内在动力，鼓励土地规模经营作为现代农业的必然趋势、推进可持续发展成为现代农业的战略目标。如何发展现代农业？必须对现代农业的路径选择做出分析，即：全力提升自主创新和成果应用水平，强化建设现代农业的科技支撑；进一步加大对农业保护和投入力度，完善建设现代农业的政策支撑；进一步调整结构和创新经营方式，夯实建设现代农业的产业体系支撑；发展现代流通方式和新型流通业态，健全
4、建设现代农业的市场体系支撑；全面提高农村劳动者素质，构筑建设现代农业的人力资源支撑。关键词：现代农业；发展机遇；现实困境；科技创新 AbstractSince the founding of new China, the Party and the government has been trying to explore how to build modern agriculture and achieve agricultural modernization. In view of the overall situation, there is need to follow the gen
5、eral rule of global agricultural development as well as take into account the practical conditions of our economic and social development to promote the conversion from traditional agriculture to modern agriculture. In this paper, Chinas modern agriculture system is the research object, with the evo
6、lution of modern agriculture system as the starting point and its performance as well as the difficulties encountered as the key point. Meanwhile, this paper applies the relevant theories of institutional changes to studying the future path selection of modern agriculture system.Modern agriculture a
7、nd traditional agriculture are fundamentally different. Modern agriculture is an industry pattern which is equipped by modern materials, transformed by modern technology, promoted by modern managerial forms and guided by modern development idea. Its essential features are: the leading role of scient
8、ific and technological progress, marketization of resources distribution, optimization of the industrial structure, and specialization of regional production. The development of modern agriculture faces the good opportunities: it is the world trend to transform agriculture and develop technology-int
9、ensive industries; the facility agriculture based on advanced technology is emerging and has fundamentally changed the traditional mode of production; agriculture is headed to modernization guided by the concept of sustainable development and the government is becoming increasingly important. Howeve
10、r, the factual dilemma is: agriculture is weak in nature; agricultural population is large while Chinas per-capital share of natural sources is inadequate; scientific and technological progress is out of step with production, the economic policy is making a major effort to industry, and the househol
11、d registration system restricts the flowage of population, etc. The modern agricultural development abroad is ever more flourishing. The model of land-scale operation in the United States is mainly manifested in the application of technology, land system, the role of government as well as marketing
12、cooperatives, etc. The model of intensive type in Japan does extremely well in biotechnology, the role of government, industry and agricultural cooperative organizations. The professionalization of French agricultural development model is noted in land policy, specialization of production, governmen
13、t investment and cooperatives. We can benefit a lot from the agricultural development model of different countries. In addition, our selection of agricultural development model should learn from the advantages of developed countries, advocate modern agricultural scientific and technological progress
14、 as the inherent power, encourage land-scale operation as the inevitable trend of modern agriculture and promote sustainable development as the strategic goal of modern agriculture. How to develop modern agriculture? There is need to make an analysis of the path selection of modern agriculture, that
15、 is, to enhance independent innovation and the application level of scientific and technological achievements and strengthen scientific and technological support; to further intensify agricultural protection and increase its input and perfect the policy support; to further adjust the industry struct
16、ure and innovative business approaches and lay a solid foundation for building a modern agricultural industrial system; to develop modern circulation methods and new circulation format and improve the support of industry system and to improve the overall quality of the workforce and build the support of human resources.Key words: modern agriculture, opportunities for development, factual dilemma, scientific and technological innovation
