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1、北师大版英语八年级上册一单元语法及所需掌握短语Unit 3 Countries and Cities语 法一、 形容词的原来形式在相比较概念中称做原级，与之比较，“更的”称作比较级，“最的”称作最高级。形容词变成比较级和最高级的构成规则1. 一般单音节形容词和少数双音节词变成比较级，最高级，分别在词尾加er, est.情况变法例词一般情况加er, esttalltallertallest以e结尾时加r, stlargelargerlargest以“辅音+y”结尾时变y为i，加er, esthappyhappierhappiest以重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母时双写最后的辅音字母，再加e
2、r,estbigbiggerbiggestthinthinnerthinnest对少数的双音节形容词，变比较级和最高级时也是如此。e.g. narrow narrower narrowest simplesimpler simplest clevercleverer cleverest2. 一般双音节及多音节的形容词变比较级和最高级时，都要在前面加more, most.e.g. usefulmore usefulmost usefuldifficultmore difficultmost difficult3. 特殊情况：(两好多坏，一少老远) good/ well many/much bad
3、/ill little old far原级比较级最高级many/muchmoremostgood/wellbetterbestbadworseworstlittlelessleastfarfarther/furtherfarthest/furthestoldolder/elderoldest/eldest 4. 其他用法。（1）形容词的同级比较。表示两者一样时，用asas，不及时，用 not soas, not asase.g. He is as tall as his elder sister. I read lesson 2 as many times as lesson 1. In wi
4、nter it is not so cold in Nanjing as in Beijing.（2）形容词比较级的单独用法。 Are you feeling better now? Be more careful. Eat less meat and more vegetable. He has less money.（3）more and more 越来越 After March, the weather is getting warmer and warmer. Now our country is getting stronger and stronger.The garden is
5、becoming more and more beautiful.（4）the more the more 越是就越The more angry she became, the more they laughed at her.The harder you work, the better you will do.二、 不定代词的用法不是指明代替任何特定名词的代词叫做不定代词。这些不定代词大都可以代替名词，且这些代词都作单数看待，在句中做主语，宾语或表语。做主语时，句中的谓语动词要用单数。做主语使用：Someone wants to see you.做宾语使用：I know nothing a
6、bout it.做表语使用：Money isnt everything.1. 由every构成的everybody/everyone, everything都含有概括的意思，表示一切人或事物。e.g. Everybody/Everyone has a book. 每人（大家）都有一本书。2. someone/somebody, anyone/anybody 均表示某人，something, anything均表示某物，someone/somebody, something 一般用于肯定句，anybody/anyone, anything一般用于否定句或疑问句。e.g. There is som
7、eone / somebody in the room.There isnt anybody/anyone in the room.Is there anybody/anyone in the room?3. 和some一样，somebody/someone, something有时也用于疑问句中，含有肯定的意思（表示请求，建议或反问）。e.g. Why not ask somebody to help us? Is someone coming this morning?4. anybody/anyone, anything 也可以用来表示任何人，任何事e.g. You can do any
8、thing you want.5. 形容词可以修饰不定代词，但必须放在不定代词的后面。e.g. I found nothing interesting in todays newspaper.注意：1.不定代词做主语，谓语动词用单数。2.有修饰语时，须放在不定代词的后面。3. something, anything, nothing可用it代替，someone, somebody, everyone等做主语时可用he/she或they代替，做宾语时可用him/her或them代替。三、used to do used to do sth.意思是“过去常常做某事”，表示过去经常做或一直做而现在不做
9、，它只用于过去时态。(一)肯定句式：主语used to动词原形例如：I used to go to the cinema,but I never have time now.我过去经常去看电影，但现在没有时间了。He used to listen to pop music but now he likes rock music.他过去总听流行音乐，但现在喜欢摇滚了。(二)否定句式：A)主语did not use to动词原形B)主语used not to动词原形第一种否定句型，就是把used当做实义动词来看，所以变否定句要用助动词did；第二种否定句是把used当做情态动词，变否定句直接在us
10、ed后面加not即可，used not可以缩写成usednt或usent。美式英语通常用A种形式，英式英语常用B种形式。例如：You didnt use to drink.你过去不喝酒。The shop usednt to open on Sundays. 过去这家商店星期天不营业。(三)一般疑问句式：A)Did主语use to动词原形？B)Used主语to动词原形？美式英语通常用A种形式，英式英语用B种形式。例如：Did you use to go swimming in the river when you were young?你小时候经常在河里游泳吗？Used he go to sch
11、ool by bike?他过去骑车上学吗？Used you play basketball?你过去常打篮球吗？Yes, I used to.(No,I usednt.)是的，经常打。(不，不常打。)I dont write to him now, but I used to.我现在不给他写信了，但过去经常写。 be used to doing “习惯于”，可用become和get代替。 e.g. Im used to living in the north.He gets used to getting up early. be used to do 表示被用做 e.g. Wood is us
12、ed to make paper.造句1. such as2. of course3. prefer to do sth. 4. notany more(=no more) 5. no longer (=notany longer) 6.for a long time7.no water at all8.be good for9.at the side of10.at first 11.both of them他（它）们俩都12.different from与不同13.on the other hand词汇造句1. such as 1）比如，例如2）像这样的，诸如这类There is a lo
13、t of fruit in the shop, such as oranges, bananas, etc.店中有多种水果出售，比如橘子、香蕉等等。They visited several cities such as Beijing, Shanghai, and Qingdao.他们游览了几个城市，如北京、上海、青岛。Animals such as dogs and cats are called pets. 像狗、猫这类动物叫做宠物。2. of course当然，自然；当然可以Of course hell help me. 他当然会帮助我。“Are you going to see Mr.
14、 Green with us?” “Of course!”“你和我们一起去看望格林先生吗？”“当然！”“May I use your telephone?” “Yes, of course.”“我可以借您的电话用一用吗?” “当然可以。“Do you want to go back?” “Of course not!”“你想回去吗？”“当然不想!”3. prefer to do sth.宁愿做（某事）；更喜欢He prefers to live among the young people. 他更喜欢和年轻人住在一起。I would prefer not to go out today. 我今天宁愿不出去。He offered to drive us to the theatre, but we preferred to walk.他愿意开车送我们去剧场，但我们愿意走着去。4. notany more(=no more)不再，没有再We did not see him any more. 我们没有再见到他。Tom isnt a boy an
