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1、A字开头A complete understanding of the microscopic structure of matter (物质微观结构 ) and the exact nature of the forces acting(作用力的准确性质) is yet to (有待于) be realized. However,excellent models have been developed to predict behavior to an adequate degree of accuracy for most practical purposes. These models
2、are descriptive (描述的) or mathematical often based onanalogy (类推) with large-scale process, on experimental data (实验数据), or on advanced theory.对物质的微观结构和作用力的准确性质的完全认识仍有待于实现。然而，为了实际的用途，能足够精确地预知物质在微观世界行为的模型已经被研究出来。这些模型是描述性的或数学的，基于对大尺度过程的类推、实验数据或先进的理论。A nucleus can get rid of excess internal energy by th
3、e emission of a gamma ray, but in an alternate process called internal conversion, the energy is imparted directly to one of the atomicelectrons, ejecting it from the atom. In an inverse process called K-capture, the nucleus spontaneously absorbs one of its own orbital electrons. Each of these proce
4、sses is followed by the production of X-rays as the inner shell vacancy is filled.一个原子核能够通过发射g 射线而除去过剩的内能，但在称为内转换的另一个交换过程中，能量直接传给原子中一个电子，使这一电子从原子中被逐出。在称为K 俘获的相反过程中，原子核自发地吸收其自己轨道上的一个电子。当内壳层空位被填充时，随着每一个这种过程，都有X 射线的产生。Although we cannot see nuclei, we imagine them to be spheres with a certain radius. T
5、o estimate that radius, we need to probe with another particlea photon, an electron, or a g-ray. But the answer will depend on the projectile used and its speed, and thus it is necessary to specify the apparent radius and cross sectional area for the particular reaction. This leads to the concept of
6、 cross section as a measure of the chance of collision.虽然我们看不到原子核，但我们可以猜想它们是一个个具有一定半径的球体。为了估算出半径，我们需要探测出另一些粒子光子、电子还有g 射线。但是结果又取决于使用的抛射体和它的速度，并且，指定表观半径和参与反应的横截面积也同样重要。这就使得横截面积成了衡量碰撞机率的标准。After many collisions, the neutron arrives at a low enough energy that it can be readily absorbed. If it is captur
7、ed by the proton in a molecule of water or some other hydrocarbon, a gamma ray isreleased.在许多次碰撞后，中子能量变得非常低，在这个能量的中子很容易被吸收。如果它被水分子或某一些其它碳氢化物分子中的质子所俘获，就会释放g 射线。As the fragments separate, they lose atomic electrons, and the resulting high-speed ions lose energy by interaction with the atoms and molecu
8、les of the surrounding medium. The resultant thermal energy is recoverable if the fission takes p1ace in a nuclear reactor.A device that provides forces on charged particles by some combination of electric and magnetic fields and brings the ions to high speed and kinetic energy is called an accelera
9、tor.加速器是通过电磁场的某些组合对带电粒子施加作用力，并使离子获得高速度和动能的一种装置。A laser can supply intense (强烈的) light of precise (精确的) frequencies, and a fine-tuned (被调整的, 有规则的) laser beam can provide photons that selectively ionize uranium-235 and leave uranium-238 unchanged.激光有极强亮度和极其精确的频率，调校好的激光束可以提供有选择性地分电离出235U92 而使U 23892 保持
10、不变的光子。Among these are electrolysis , in which the H2O tends to be more readily dissociated ; fractional distillation, which takes advantage of the fact that D2O has a boiling point about 10C higher than that of H2O; and catalytic exchange, involving the passage of HD gas through H2O to produce HDO a
11、nd light hydrogen gas.这些方法有：电解法，在电解中轻水比较容易分解；分馏法，此法的根据是利用D2O 的沸点比H2O的沸点约高1这种性质；催化交换法，往水里通HD气体产生HDO 和H2。B字开头Bombardment of a solid or gaseous deuterium target by high-speed deuterons gives fusion reactions, but most of the particle energy goes into electrostatic interactions that merely heat up the b
12、ulk of the target. The amount of energy required to operate the accelerator greatly exceeds the recoverable fusion energy, and thus some other technique is required.用高速氘核去轰击固体或气体的氘靶来产生聚变反应是可以的，但它的能量大部分消耗在仅仅使靶体加热的静电相互作用上。因此，加速器运行所需的能量大大超过了可以回收的聚变能量，看来此法不行，需要用其他技术。G字开头Gas is supplied and centrifugal f
13、orce (离心力) tends to compress (压缩) it in the outer region, but thermal agitation (激励) tends to redistribute (重新分布) the gas molecules throughout the whole volume. Light molecules are favored in this effect, and their concentration (浓度) is higher near the center axis.供料呈气体状态，离心力偏向在它的外区压缩气体，而热扰动要使整个容积内的
14、气体分子重新分布。轻分子受到离心力的作用小，靠近中心轴处它们的浓度比较高。H字开头Hundreds of “artificial” radioisotopes have been produced by bombardment of nuclei by charged particles or neutrons and by separation of the products of the fission process.通过用带电粒子或中子去轰击核，并分离裂变产物，许许多多的“人工”放射性同位素已被制造出来。I字开头In the inelastic scattering collision
15、, an important process for fast neutrons in heavy elements, the neutron becomes a part of the nucleus; its energy provides excitation; and a neutron is released.在非弹性散射的碰撞中，在重元素的快中子的一个重要作用下，中子变成了原子核的一部分；由于其能量的激发，一个中子将被释放出来。If an electron that enters a material has a very low energy,it will merely mig
16、rate without affecting the molecules significantly.If its energy is larger, it may impart energy to atomic electrons,causing excitation of electrons to higher energy states or producingionization, with subsequent emission of light.如果进入物质的电子具有非常低的能量，它将仅仅移动，而对分子没有较大的影响。如果电子的能量比较大，它会将能量传递给原子的电子，使电子激发到较高的能态或产生电离，接着发生光的发射。In the Compton effect, a photon of lower energy survives, but in the photoelectric effect, t
