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1、生态修复技术处置水产养殖废水孟睿中国环境科学研究院地址：北京市朝阳区安外北苑大羊坊8号中国环境科学研究院2号楼330室。 邮政编码：100012。移动电话：；固定电话：0摘要：由于大量用药和大量换水的现象，致使我国水产养殖环境日趋恶化， 最近几年来我国频繁出现赤潮现象，不仅扰乱了生态平衡，致使病害频繁发生， 还带来了庞大的经济损失。利用生态修复技术处置水产养殖废水已经取得了普遍 的认可，此技术包括物理修复、化学修复和生物修复。物理修复是指利用各类材 料或机械对水产养殖环境施加物理作用，从而达到环境修复的改善目的。化学修 复是利用化学制剂与污染物发生氧化、还原、沉淀、聚合等反映，使污染物以从 养
2、殖环境中分离或降解转化成无毒、无害的化学形态。在水产养殖业中已普遍应 用水质改良剂、水质消毒剂。生物修复是指利用生物的生命代谢活动减少存在于 环境中有害物质的浓度或使其完全无害化，从而使污染了的环境能够部份或完全 恢复到原初状态的进程。与传统的物理和化学修复相较生物修复具有费用低、耗 时短、净化完全、不易产生二次污染、不危害养殖功能、不破坏生态平衡等诸多 长处。生态修复技术中，利用有利菌藻制剂联合净化底泥环境和水质环境是个崭 新的尝试，不仅能改善环境，藻类还提供水产食物。可是菌藻共生作用机制、菌 藻酶学、生理生化通路和生态组合、规避和拮抗环境影响因子等具体修复机理还 需要进一步了解。只有掌握了
3、修复机理的细节，才能有效改良修复技术，进行有 效的修复监控。另外，构建基因工程菌和藻类，将生物界中具有优秀修复效能的 菌藻基因转入其他菌藻或植物中，打破物种隔离的限制，能够针对不同水产生态 系统的不同退化原因，构建对于生态系统最适合、功能最全面的修复活物，也能 够构建有更强环境适应能力，活性维持范围更宽的修复活物，并通过有效的固定 化技术和载体实现修复的功能。利用类似人工湿地的生态系统，发挥微生物植物介质体系的吸收吸 附、转化作用，有效利用水产废水营养物和消除病菌，实现养殖水的循环利用， 是实现水产养殖可持续进展的环境友好技术。提高这一类型系统的运行效率、处 置效果和环境适应性是迫切需要解决的
4、难题。本文别离介绍了各类生态修复技术 的原理和应用前景。关键词：水产养殖；水污染；生态修复；生物修复Abstract: Because the phenomenon of applying drugs massively and trading the wat- er massively causes our country s aquaculture environment to worsen day by day, in recent years our country frequently appeared the red tide phenomenon, not only which
5、has harassed the ecological equilibrium, caused the plant disease frequent occurring, but also has brought the huge economic loss. Already obtained the widespread certifi- cate using the ecology repair technology processing aquaculture waste water, this tec- hnology including physical repair, chemic
6、al repair and biological repair. The physical repair refers using each material or machinery to the aquaculture environment with physical effect, thus which achieves the improvement goal of environment repair. Che- 1 *1 1 1 1 mical repair has responses and so on oxidation, returning to original stat
7、e, precipitat- ion, polymerization using chemistry preparation and the pollutant, causing the polluta- nt by to separate or the degeneration from the cultivation environment transforms no- ntoxic, the harmless chemomorphosis. In aquatic product fish breeding and poultry ri- sng has already widesprea
8、d application water quality modifier, water quality disinfec- tant. The biological repair refers using the biological life metabolism activity reducing the deleterious substance density or causing it to detoxification completely existing in the environment, thus which enables the part of the environ
9、ment which has been poll- uted to restore completely to the primary condition process. Comparing the biological repair with traditional physical and chemical repair to have the expense low, consum- ing time short, the purification thorough, not easy to have the second pollution, not to harm the cult
10、ivation function, not to destroy the ecological equilibrium and so on ma- ny merits. In the ecology repair technology, the using of beneficial fungus algae prep- aration purifies the environment of bottom putty and the water quality environment in union which is a brand new attempt, not only which c
11、an improve the environment, the algae also provide aquatic product food. But the lichenism function mechanism, the f- ungus algae zymology, the physiological biochemistry circuit and the ecology comb- ination, the circumvention and oppress the anti-environmental effect factor and so on to repair the
12、 mechanism also to need specifically further to understand. Only then gra- sping the detail of the repairing mechanism, could improve the repair technology eff- ecttively; carry on the effective repair monitoring. In addition, the construction gene- tic engineering fungus and the algae, fungus algae
13、 gene which has the biosphere in the outstanding repair potency to change over to in other fungus algae or the plant, the br- eak species isolation limit, may aim at the different aquatic product ecosystem the dif- ferent degeneratedcomprehensive repair biology, also may construct has the stronger e
14、nvironment adaptiveness, the active maintenance scope wider repair biology, and through effective fossilization technology and carrier realization repair function.Using the similar artificial wetland of the ecosystem, displaying absorption adsorption of microorganism-plant-medium system, the convers
15、ion, using the aquatic product waste water nourishing substance and the eliminating germ effectively, the realization cultivation water circulation use, which is an environment friendly technology which can realize the aquaculture sustainable development. Enhancing the operating efficiency of this t
16、ype system, the processing effect and the adaptability to environment is an urgent problem to be solved. This article separately introduced each kind of ecology repair technology principle as well as the application prospect.Keywords: aquiculture; water pollution; zoology repair; biology repair一、引言 我国高密度水产养殖普遍存在大量饵料投入，大量用药和大量换水的现象， 已经出现水环境污染负荷日趋加重，环境恶化致使病害频繁发生和引发养殖产品 质量下降问题。1998 年渤海湾、莱州湾和辽东湾几乎同时发生赤潮，面积达五 千多平方千米；广东、香港水域接踵发生了多起赤潮，仅网箱养殖鱼类损失达亿 元以上。欧盟曾对
