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1、非谓语动词1动词不定式定义： 不定式是动词的一种非限定形式。 不定式没有人称和数的变化，在句中不能单独做谓语。动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征， 所以它在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语等。 基本形式： “to + 动词原形 ”（有时可以不带to） “to” 仅仅是个符号，本身无实义。 不定式的时态和语态： 不定式有进行时和完成时， 也有被动语态。其变化如下： 主动形式 被动形式 一般式 to do to be done 完成式 to have done to have been done 进行式 to be doing _ 完成进行式 to have been doing _ 动
2、词不定式的句法作用： 一 作主语。 如： To ask him for help is necessary. To help poor people is our duty. 但在多数情况下，特别是在口语中，常常用 it 作形式主语，不定式后置。 It is not easy to master a foreign language It is a great pleasure to talk with him. It took us two hours to get there by bike. It made me happy to find my key. 二. 作表语。 如： Her
3、wish is to become a pop singer. Our plan is to finish the work in two weeks. To see is to believe. （注意： 主语是不定式时，表语必须用不定式，不用v-ing） All you have to do is (to)finish the job quickly. （注意：当主语部分含有动词do 时，作表语的不定式可以省略 to 三 作宾语。 如： I expect to see you tomorrow. She wanted to borrow my dictionary. 能直接跟不定式作宾语的
4、动词很多，常见的有want, like , wish, hope, hate, prefer, manage, try, ask, offer, start, conclude, demand, prepare, pretend, promise, learn, choose, refuse, expect, desire, agree, care 等等。 在find, think, make, consider , feel等动词之后， 接不定式作宾语时，不定式带有自己的补语， 我们常用it 做形式宾语，把不定式放在后面。 如： I find it interesting to study
5、English . We thought it better to start early. Do you consider it better not to go? I feel it my duty to change all that. 四作定语。 不定式作定语时， 通常放在被修饰的名词或代词之后。不定式常和它所修饰的词有动宾关系。如： I have a lot of work to do. Here are some books for you to read. She was the first person to think of the idea. They made a pla
6、n to study English . He expressed his wish to visit the Great Wall. 注意： 如果不定式是不及物的，它后面就应有必要的介词。如： He is looking for a room to live in. He use a pen to write with. She is a very nice person to work with. There is nothing to worry about. The family has five children to look after. 五作宾语补足语 不定式可以和名词或代词构
7、成复合结构， 作动词的宾语，不定式作宾语补足语。 1用带 to 的不定式作宾语补足语，表示致使、希望、要求、请求、允许、命令等意义，常见的动词有 ask, tell, invite, force, advise, get , beg, allow, want, wish, order, expect, prefer, persuade, teach, warn, request, forbid, cause, permit, oblige(迫使)，encourage, lead, 等等。 如： Mother told me to come back before 10 oclock. Ill
8、get someone to repair the recorder for you. What caused him to change his mind? I wish you to come as soon as possible. ( 注意 hope虽有“希望”的意思，但其后不能用不定式作宾补, 不能说： hope sb. to do sth ) 2 不定式不用带 to 的动词有： 感官动词（see, hear, feel, watch, notice, observe）、使役动词（have, let, make ）、及动词词组 listen to , look at 后的宾语补足语。
9、 如： I often hear them sing this song. I saw her put her hands into the pockets. 3 Did you notice anyone come in ? I would have him wait for me for a long time. Look at the horse jump. We are listening to the radio tell a long story. 注意： 当这类动词转为被动语态时， 其后的不定式则要加上“ to” 如： They were made to wait for two
10、 hours. He was seen to enter the room. Someone was heard to come up the stairs. 六不定式作状语 不定式作状语， 修饰动词、形容词、或副词， 表示目的、结果、原因、条件等。 1 表示目的。 如： He went home to see his parents. To get the best result, use clean water. Are you coming with us to see Professor Li? 不定式作目的状语，还可用 in order to , so as to 引起（in ord
11、er to 可放在句首，而 so as to 不能放在句首） In order to arrive before dark, we started early. He decided to work harder in order to (so as to ) catch up with the others. John hurried so as to (in order to ) be late for the party. 2. 表示结果。 如： He returned to his bedroom to find everybody gone. What have I said to
12、make you so excited? 常见的表结果的句式有： 1） so. as to , such as to He was so angry as to be unable to speak. We are not such fools as to believe him. 2) enough (for sb.) to , tooto This book is easy enough for me to read. The ice is thick enough to walk on. He is too young to join the army. She is too carel
13、ess to notice it. 3) only to（常表示未曾料到的结果） They lifted a rock only to drop it on their own feet. I went to see him only to find him out. 3 表示原因 （与表示目的时形式相似，要根据句意判断）如： We jumped with joy to hear the news. She was surprised to see how angry Mary was. Im sorry to have to say good-bye to you. He is anxiou
14、s to see her. 4不定式作条件状语、方式状语 To hear him talk, you would think he owned the whole world. 听他谈话，你会以为他拥有整个世界。 She opened her lips as if to speak. 她张开嘴唇，仿佛要说话似的动词不定式的时态用法： 1 不定式的一般式 不定式的一般式所表示的动作，通常与谓语动词表示的动作（状态）同时或几乎同时发生， 或是在谓语动词之后发生。如： Who heard him say that? （同时发生） We are glad to see you again. （同时发生
15、） They invited us to go there this summer. （之后发生） 2 不定式的完成式 它所表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生。 “to have +done” ，如： He is said to have written a new novel. Im sorry to have given you so much trouble. He seemed to have bought a new dictionary. He pretended not to have seen me. 3 不定式的进行式 它用来表示当谓语动词的动作发生时，不定式的动作正在进行。 “to be +doing” They are said to be building in that area now. He pretended to be listening to the teacher attentively. I didnt expect you to be waiting for me so long. 4
