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1、大学英语自学教程（下册）语法一、as的用法as一词在英语中用法比较复杂。从词类上讲，as可以用作介词、副词、连词、关系代词。从语法功能上讲，as可以和它的宾语一起构成介词短语，可以引导状语从句、定语从句，也可以修饰形容词或其他副词。另外，as还可以用在很多习语中。一、as用作介词1.as用作介词时有两个基本词义。一个是“作为、担当”；另一个是“似、像”。例如：The actor who appeared as Romeo was his good friend.扮演罗密欧的演员是他的好朋友。He worked as a teacher in that school.他在那所学校任教。as用作介
2、词时要注意与介词like的异同。as意为“似，像”时与介词like通用。但是当as用来表示“作为、担当”的意思时，与介词like有区别。请比较下面的例子：She spoke as a lawyer.她作为律师讲话。She spoke like a lawyer.她像律师一样说话。（她并不是律师）2.由as引出的介词短语在句子中可以作状语、定语、宾语补语和表语。(1)状语The nation rose as one man against foreign aggression.全国人民团结一致，起来反对外来侵略。As a newspaper reporter, he is naturally v
3、ery much interested in the hero.作为一个新闻记者，他自然对这位英雄很感兴趣。(2)定语You are to be responsible for the work as a whole.你要对整个工作负责。He has got a position as teacher of English.他得到了一个英语教师的工作。(3)宾语补语We regard him as a shining example for us to learn from.我们把他看作学习的光辉榜样。They have chosen Essential English as their te
4、xtbook.他们把基础英语选作教材。(4)表语The world is as a stage.世界好比舞台。He works as an engineer in a factory.他在一家工厂里当工程师。(5)宾语补足语He was a guest and was treated as such.他是客人，也确实被当作客人款待。二、as用作副词as用作副词可以表示程度，主要用在asas结构中。此时as的意思为“如同，像”例如：His face is as black as coal.他的脸像煤一样黑。John behaves as politely as Bob.约翰和鲍勃同样彬彬有礼。要
5、注意的是在上面两个例句中。第一个as是副词，第二个as是连词。as作为副词还可以用在下面的句子中：I guessed as much.我料到是这么回事。三、as用作连词 as更多的是用作连词，引导状语从句。1.as可以引导比较状语从句。例如：We will give you as much help as we can.我们将尽力帮助你。These engines are not so powerful as those we have just made.这些发动机的推力不如我们刚生产出来的大。2.as可以引导让步状语从句。由as引导的让步状语从句常采用倒装接结构。例如：Try as I m
6、ight, I could not lift the stone.尽管我想举起这块石头，可无论如何也举不起来。Change your mind as you will, you will gain no additional support.即使你想改变主意，你也不会得到进一步的支持。Much as it is, the stone is very heavy.尽管很小，这石头却很重。3.as可以引导时间状语从句。此时它可由just修饰。例如：Just as she was about to speak, she was handed a note.她正要说话，有人递给她一张便条。She sa
7、ng as she worked.她一边工作一边唱歌。4.as可以引导原因状语从句。例如：She was well paid, as she had worked well.因为她工作得好，所以工资也高。As Jane was the eldest, she looked after the others.因为简是家里最大的孩子，所以要照顾其他孩子。 有时由as引导的状语既可以做原因状语解，也可以作时间状语解。例如：As he was standing near the door, he could hear the conversation in the kitchen.因为他站在门口，所以
8、能听到厨房里的谈话。（as的意思相当于与since）或者：他站在厨房门口时，可以听到里面的谈话。（as的意思相当于while）5. as可以引导方式状语。此时它可由just或exactly修饰。例如：Please do it (exactly) as I said.请（完全）按照我说的做。Just as the earth circles round the sun, so the moon turns round the earth.正像地球围着太阳转一样，月亮也围着地球转。四、as用作关系代词as还可以引导限定性定语从句或非限定性定语从句，这时as是关系代词。当as引导限定性定语从句时，常
9、和such或same连用。例如：Such people as you describe are rare nowadays.Or: people such as you describe are rare nowadays.你所描述的这种人现在已很少了。Then I left, with such a weight on my mind as I had never had before.然后我离开了，带着一种从未有过的沉重心情。I have the same trouble as you have.我和你有同样的困难。I feel just the same as you do.我和你的感受
10、一样。当as引导非限定性定语从句时，常有插入语的性质，对主句做进一步说明，as指的是前面的整个主句。例如：I am working the night shift, as you know.如你所知，我在上夜班。She is extremely popular among students, as is common knowledge.如大家所知，她在学生中极受欢迎。He was against the plan, as could be expected.可以料想，他反对这一计划。as引导的非限定性定语从句也可以防在主句之前，这时as指的是后面整个主句。例如：As can be judge
11、d from her eyes, she has no personal hostility to us.从她的眼睛里可以看出，她个人对我们并无敌意。五、带as的一些习语as还可以用在许多习语中。下面简单介绍一些常用的带as的习语。1.as long as, so long as, as soon as都可以引导时间状语从句。例如：As long as I live here, I do it in my way.只要我住在这里，我就用我自己的方式来做这件事。He will continue working so long as he has the strength.只要他还有力气，他就会继
12、续工作。As soon as I left, I burst out laughing.我一离开就大笑起来。2.as if和as though引导的方式状语从句常用虚拟语气。例如：She treated me as if I had been a stranger.她对我很冷淡，形同陌路人。I remember it as though it happened yesterday.对此事我记忆犹新，就像昨天发生的一样。3.as regard, as to, as for都可以用作复合介词，表示“关于”、“至于”的意思。as for不如as regards, as to正规了，常用来引出主题的改
13、变。另外，as for用在句首，常含贬义。例如:Our tastes differ as regards music.我们对音乐的兴趣不同。He has no complaint as to salary.至于工资，他没什么可抱怨的。We had a delightful weekend in the country. As for the transport, we had no difficulty.我们在乡下度过了愉快的周末。至于交通工具，我们没遇到困难。As for his book, I suppose you have read the reviews.至于那本书，我想你已读过对它
14、的评论了。4.as well, as well as都表示“也”、“又”的意思。例如：I want some fruit juice, but I want soup as well.我要点儿果汁，但我还要汤。She wants a pen as well as a pencil.她要一支钢笔，一支铅笔。5.so as to或soas to后可以接作目的状语或结果状语的不定式。例如：We hurried so as to get there in time.我们匆匆赶路，以便按时到达。She wore a heavy coat so as not to catch cold.她穿了件厚大衣，以
15、免着凉。He so arranged matters as to suit everybody.他这样安排是为了使每个人都满意。二、一致关系一致关系指句子成分之间须在人称、数、性等方面保持一致。在英语中最主要的一致关系是主语和谓语动词之间数的一致，即人们常说的主谓一致。下面我们讨论一下主谓一致和人称代词一致问题。一、主谓一致在现代英语中主谓一致基本遵循如下原则：语法一致原则、意义一致原则和就近原则。语法一致原则就是根据主语的语法形式决定其谓语动词的语法形式。主语是单数，谓语动词就用单数形式；主语是复数，谓语动词就用复数形式。例如：My daughter watches television after supper.我女儿晚饭后看电视。My daughters watch television after supper.我的女儿们晚饭后看电视。My son has no intention of spending a vacation with me.我儿子不想和我一起度假。My sons have no intention of spending a vacation
