《跨文化交际复习资料》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《跨文化交际复习资料（3页珍藏版）》请在金锄头文库上搜索。
1、1. monochronictime(MTime):Itschedulesoneeventatatim、eIntheseculturestimeisperceivedasalinearstructurejustlikearibbonstretchingfromthepastintothefuture、polychronictime(PTime):schedulesseveralactivitiesatthesametime、Intheseculturepeopleemphasizetheinvolvementofpeoplemorethanschedule、sTheydonotseeappoi
2、ntmentsasironcladmitmentsandoftenbreakthe、minterculturalmunication:isaface-to-facemunicationbetweenpeoplefromdifferentculturalbackgroundshostcultureisthemainstreamcultureofanyoneparticularcountr、yminoritycultureistheculturalgroupsthataresmallerinnumericaltermsinrelation2. tothehostculture、subculture
3、isasmaller,possiblynonconformist,subgroupwithinthehostcultur、emulticulturalismistheofficialrecognitionofacountrysculturalandethnicdiversity、cross-culturalmunicationisaface-to-facemunicationbetweenreprentativesofbusiness,governmentandprofessionalgroupsfromdifferentculture、shigh-contextculture:acultur
4、einwhichmeaningisnotnecessarilycontainedinwords、Informationisprovidedthroughgestures,theuseofspace,andevensilen、celow-contextculture:acultureinwhichthemajorityoftheinformationisvestedintheexplicitcode、perception:initssimplestsense,perceptionis,asMarshallsingertellsus”,theprocessbywhichanindividualse
5、lects,evaluates,andorganizesstimulifromtheexternalworld”Inotherwords,perceptionisaninternalprocesswherebyweconvertthephysicalenergiesoftheworldintomeaningfulinternalexperience、sNon-verbalmunicationItreferstomunicationthroughawholevarietyofdifferenttypesfsignaleintoplay,includingthewaywemore,thegestu
6、resweemploy,thepostureweadopt,thefacialexpressionwewear,thedirectionofourgaze,totheextenttowhichwetouchandthedistancewestandfromeachothe、r、IndividualismIndividualismreferstothedoctrinethattheinterestsoftheindividualareoroughttobeparamount,andthatallvalues,right,anddutiesoriginateinindividuals、Itemph
7、asizesindividualinitiative,independence,individualexpression,andevenprivacy、13、Paralanguage3. Thesetofnonphonemicpropertiesofspeech,suchasspeakingtempo,vocalpitch,andintonationalcontours,thatcanbeusedtomunicateattitudesorothershadesofmean、ing人际交际interpersonalmunication:asmallnumberofindividualswhoar
8、einteractingexclusivelywithoneanotherandwhothereforehavetheabilitytoadapttheirmessagesspecificallyforthoseothersandtoobtainimmediateinterpretaionsfromthem、指少数人之间得交往她们既能根据对方调整自己得信息,又能立即从对方那里获得解释。4. 内文化交际intraculturalmunicationisdefinedasmunicationbetweenandamongmembersofthesameculture、指同一文化内某成员之间得交际,
9、总得来说,同一种族,政治倾向宗教,或者具有同样兴趣得人们之间得交际。跨民族交际interthnicmunication:referstomunicationbetweenpeopleofthesamerace,butdifferentethnicbackgrounds、指同一种族,不同民族背景得人们之间得交际。5. 跨种族交际interracialmunication:occurswhenthesenderandthereceiverexchangingmessagesarefromdifferentracesthatpertaintodifferentphysicalcharacterist
10、ics、指信息源与信息来自不同得种族,种族具有不同得身体特征。跨地区交际interregionalmunication:referstotheexchangeofmessagesbetweenmembersofthedominantculturewithinacountry、指一个国家内主流文化成员之间得信息交换过程Context场景Thefinalponentofmunicationiscontext、Generally,contextcanbedefinedastheenvironmentinwhichthemunicationtakesplaceandwhichhelpsdefineth
11、emunication、Allmunicationhassevenponents:thesource,encoding,themessage,thechannel,thereceiver,decoding,feedback、TheInferentialModelofmunicationfourpresumptions:linguisticpresumption,municativepresumption,presumptionofliteralness,conversationalpresumptions、Conversationalpresumptionsfiveaspects:1relev
12、ance:thespeakersremarksarerelevanttotheconversation2sincerity:thespeakerisbeingsincere3truthfulness:thespeakerisattemptingtosaysthtrue4quantity:thespeakercontributestheappropriateamountofinformation5quality:thespeakerhasadequateevidenceforwhatsheorhesays、TheMessageModelcannotaccountfor:1disambiguati
13、on2underdeterminationofreference3underdeterminationofmunicativeintent4nonliterality5indirection6nonmunicativeacts、Sixcharacteristicsofculturedirectlyaffectmunication:1learnedtransmittedfromgenerationtogbasedonsymbols4subjecttochange5integrated6EthnocentricTheprimarycharacteristicsofmunicationinclude
14、:1 nodirectmind-to-mindcontactwecanonlyinfermunicationissymbolictime-bindinglinksustogetherweseektodefinetheworldmunicationhasconsequencemunicationisdynamicmunicationiscontextualmunicationisselfreflectiveFunctionsofnonverbalmunicationNonverbalmunicationhasitsownuniquefunctionsininterpersonalmunicati
15、on、Wewillsumupsomeoftheimportantwaysofnonverbalmunicationinregulatinghumaninteraction、RepeatingplementingSubstitutingRegulatingSiximportantmunicationfunctions:indicatedegreesofattentiveness,interest,andarousalinfluenceattitudechangeandpersuasionregulateinteraction4municationemotions5definepowerandst
16、atusrelationships6andassumeacentralroleinimpressionmanagementculture:whatthebehaviorandcustomsmeantothepeoplewhoarefollowingthemAnsharedartifact(thematerialandspiritualproductspeopleproduce)sharedBehavior(whattheydo)sharedConcepts(beliefs,values,worldviewswhattheythinkCulturemeans:(a) Thearts,customs,andhabitsthatcharacterizeaparticularsocietyornat、ion、Thebeliefs,values,behaviorandmaterialobjectsthatconstituteapeopleswayoflife、5、Whatarethetourcharacteristicsof
