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1、2022年考博英语-湖南大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）1. 填空题Psychologists take contrastive views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists（1）research the relation between actions and their consequences argue that rewards can improve performance at work and scho
2、ol. Cognitive researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, maintain （2）rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence（3） approval and gifts from others.The latter view has gained many supporters, especially among educators. But the careful use of small monetary rewards sparks （
3、4）in grade-school children, suggesting that properly presented inducements indeed aid inventiveness, （5）to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.“If kids know theyre working for a （6） and can focus on a relatively challenging task, they show the most creativity，says Robert
4、 Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark.“But its easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for（7）performance or creating too much anticipation for rewards.”A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands out high grades for ordinary achievement ends up with discouraged
5、 students, Eisenberger holds （8） an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and restore failing （9）.In earlier grades, the use of so-called token economies, in （10）students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based poin
6、ts toward, shows promise in raising effort and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims.【答案】（1）who（2）that（3）on（4）creativity（5）according（6）reward（7）poor（8）As（9）grades（10）which【解析】（1）语法题。考查定语从句。此空后的句子为定语从句，先行词为“Behaviorists”，所以应填关系代词who，引导修饰人的定语从句。（2）语法题。考查宾语从句。空后的内容为maintain的宾语，应填一个可引导宾语从句的词。而且上文
7、的宾语从句“argue that.”也可以推断出本空填that。（3）固定搭配。固定短语depend on意为“依赖，依靠”，其名词形式dependence也需要跟介词 on。（4）语义连接。本文是在讲述奖励、表扬与创造性的关系，此句意为“但是小心地使用小量的金钱报酬能激起分级学校孩子们的 ”第一段中提到“destroy creativity”, 因此该空格处应填“creativity”。（5）固定搭配。According填在空格处, 句意为：根据一项个性与社会心理学的六月杂志的研究。（6）语义连接。本文讲奖励与创造性的关系，此句意为“如果孩子们知道他们在 为 工作。”显然，此空处应填“rew
8、ard”(奖励) 。（7）语义连接。推测此句意为“但是如果奖励表现不好的, 或者制造过高的对创造力的奖励期望值,这很容易扼杀创造性。因此此处填poor比较合适。（8）语义连接。此句意为作为后一种观点的例子”。（9）语义连接。前句句意: 给平常成绩的学生打高分的老师，最终会使学生泄气。此句句意: 他指出，各大学在严格控制评分标准和恢复不及格成绩方面做出越来越多的努力。此处应填grade的复数形式。（10）语法题。考查定语从句。此空后的句子应为定语从句，先行词为“token economies”，故此空应填一个可引导定语从句的关系词，而且空格前面有介词in,故只能填“which”。2. 单选题Du
9、ring the reading lesson, the teacher asked students to read a few（ ）from the novel.问题1选项A.piecesB.essaysC.fragmentsD.extracts【答案】D【解析】名词辨析。句意: 上阅读课时，老师要求学生阅读小说中的几个 。pieces (完整的)作品; essay 论文,文章; fragment 片段, 一般指文艺作品中的残存部分；extract 书本中的 摘录，选段等。故选D。3. 单选题Share prices on the Stock Exchange plunged sharpl
10、y in the morning but（ ）lightly in the afternoon.问题1选项A.regainedB.recoveredC.restoredD.revived【答案】B【解析】同义词辨析。句意: 证券交易所今早股价大跌，下午略有回升。Regain重新获得(所有权); recover恢复; restore恢复.存在或使用; revive恢复；复兴, 多指某国或某一区域经济萧条后振兴。因此这里选B合适。4. 单选题She was delirious last night, but she seems quite lucid this morning.问题1选项A.rat
11、ionalB.peacefulC.patientD.insane【答案】A【解析】形容词辨析。句意: 她昨晚昏迷不醒，但今天早晨她起来很清醒。rational:理智的。peaceful:和平的，平静的。 patient:耐心的,耐烦的。insane:患精神病的，极度愚蠢的。lucid:头脑清楚的，理智的。故选A。5. 单选题The British psychoanalyst John Bowlby maintains that separation from the parents during the sensitive “attachment” period from birth to t
12、hree may scar a childs personality and (predispose) to emotional problems in later life. Some people have drawn the conclusion from Bowlbys work that children should not be subjected to day care before the age of three because of the parental separation it entails, and many people do believe this. B
13、ut there are also arguments against such a strong conclusion.Firstly, anthropologists point out that the insulated love affair between children and parents found in modern societies does not usually exist in traditional societies. For example, we saw earlier that among the Ngoni the father and mothe
14、r of a child did not rear their infant alonefar from it. Secondly, common sense tells us that day care would not so widespread today if parents, caretakers found children had problems with it. Statistical studies of this kind have not yet been carried out, and even if they were, the results would be
15、 certain to be complicated and controversial.Thirdly, in the last decade, there have been a number of careful American studies of children in day care, and they have uniformly reported that day care had a neutral or slightly positive effect on childrens development. But tests that have had to be used to measure this development are not widely enough accepted to settle the issue.But Bowlbys analysis raises the possibility that early day care has delayed effects. The possibility that such care might lead to, say, more mental illness or crime 15 or 20 years later
