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1、美国文学史整理一、Colonial America 殖民时期1、 New England：Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut.2、 Doctrines of Puritanism清教American Puritanism stressed predestination（命运神定), original sin（原罪）, total depravity (彻底的堕落), and limited atonement (有限的赎罪)from Gods grace.3、 Writing s
2、tyle：fresh, simple and direct and with a touch of nobility； the rhetoric is plain and honest.4、 Life style：hard work, thrift, piety, and sobriety.5、 Main writer: Thomas Paine 托马斯潘恩work：Common Sense (1776) 常识American Crisis (1776-1783)美国危机The Rights of Man人权The Age of Reason理性时代Benjamin Franklin（本杰明富
3、兰克林）Poor Richards Almanac 穷查理历书Autobiography 富兰克林自传 Thomas Jefferson 托马斯杰弗逊 Declaration of Independence (1776)独立宣言二、American Romanticism (early period) 浪漫主义前期1、Characteristics：A rebellion against the objectivity of rationalism. 反对理性主义的客观性。Feelings, intuitions and emotions were more important for rom
4、antics than reason and common sense. 感受、直觉和情感重于理性和常识。An emphasis on individualism; placing the individual against the group, against authority.强调个人主义,将个人与团体,反对权威。Stress on the close relationship between man and nature. 强调人与自然之间的密切关系。Fascination with the wild, the irregular, the indefinite, the remot
5、e, the mysterious, and the strange 疯狂的迷恋,不规则,不定,远程,神秘,奇怪Cherishing a strong interest in the past, especially the medieval. 对过去有强烈的兴趣,特别是中世纪。2、Features：New experience in the American Romanticism.A deep influence from the American Puritanism.The “newness” of the Americans as a nation.3、writers and wor
6、ks:Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 亨利瓦兹沃思朗费罗A Psalm of Life (1838) 人生礼赞Voices of the Night (1839) 夜吟The Song of Hiawatha (1855) 海华沙之歌The Courtship of Miles Standish (1858) 迈尔斯斯坦迪什的求婚Tales of a Wayside Inn (1863) 路边客栈的故事Washington Irving 华盛顿欧文A History of New York (1809) 纽约外史The Sketch Book (1819-1820) 见闻
7、札记“The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” 睡谷的传说 “Rip Van Winkle” 瑞普凡温克尔 (The cognomen of Crane was not inapplicable to his person.)Bracebridge Hall (1822) 布雷斯布里奇田庄Tales of a Traveller (1824) 旅客谈James Fennimore Cooper 詹姆斯费尼莫尔库柏Leather-stocking Tales 皮袜子故事集The Pioneer 拓荒者The Prairie 大草原The Spy 间谍三、New England T
8、ranscendentalism (新英格兰超验主义)1、Over-soul（超灵）was an all-pervading power goodness, omnipresent and omnipotent.(简答) Individualism individual was the most importanta fresh view of nature symbolic of the Spirit or God. 2、writers and works: Ralph Waldo Emerson 艾默生Nature (1836)论自然 The American Scholar (1837)
9、 论美国学者Divinity School Address (1838) 神学院演说Self-Reliance (1841) 论自助Representative Men (1850) 代表人物The Transcendentalist 超验主义者The Over-Soul 论超灵Henry David Thoreau 梭罗Walden; or Life in the Woods (1854)瓦尔登湖；或林中生活四、American Romanticism (later period) 浪漫主义后期我们可以把超验主义产生之前的那一段称为前期浪漫主义，而把19世纪30年代之后的文学称为后期浪漫主义
10、。前期浪漫主义是以欧文等人将美国文学提高到欧洲水平为特征，后期浪漫主义则是以超验主义激励而起的“文艺复兴”文学兴起，并最终产生了独立的美国文学为标志。 1、 High Romantics in fictionNathaniel Hawthorne 霍桑 Twice-Told Tales (1837) 尽人皆知的故事Mosses from an Old Manse (1846) 古屋青苔The Scarlet letter (1850) 红字The House of Sever Gables (1851) 有七个尖角阁的房子Blithedale Romance (1852) 福谷传奇The Ma
11、rble Faun (1860) 玉石雕像Our Old House (1863) 我们的故居Herman Melville 赫尔曼麦尔维尔Moby-Dick (1851) 白鲸 (pp113-118)Pierre (1852) 皮埃尔Typee (1846)泰比Omoo (1847)奥穆Mardi (1849)玛迪2、High Romantics in poetryEdgar Allan Poe 艾伦坡Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque (1840) 怪诞故事集“The Raven” (1845) 乌鸦“Annabel Lee ” (1849) 安娜贝尔李W
