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1、Word-formationWord-formation or word-building is that branch of lexicology which studies the patterns on which a language, in this case, the English language, coins new words. Percentage of new words coined by the different word-formation processes after World War The three major processes of word f
2、ormation:Composition or Compounding Definition: Compounding is a word-formation process consisting of joining two or more bases to form a new unit, a compound word. Compounding is the most productive word-formation process in contemporary English.Identity crisis 个性危机 stand-up collar 竖领 hit-and-run t
3、actics 打了就跑的战术 spoon-feed 填鸭式灌输， 娇养糊里糊涂 muddle-headed/minded 笨嘴笨舌 heavy-tongued无忧无虑 carefree 饱经风霜weather-beaten/worn 令人心碎 heart-breaking 半死不活dead-alive/dead-and-alive 不合时宜 ill-timed/badly-timed 批量生产 mass-produceCompounds are very often used because of their brevity and vividness. For example, A scho
4、olboy is more concise than “a boy attending school”; “Up-to-the-minute information” is more vivid than “the latest information” ; “The old man would sit for hours, thinking sadly of all the might-have-beens” is more compact and expressive than “thinking sadly of the desirable things that could have
5、happened in the past.”The relative criteria of a compound word Orthographic criterion(书写标准) : Compounds are written in three ways, e.g. solid: airmail; hyphenated: air-conditioning; open: air force, air raid.Phonological criterion(语音标准) : Compound accent: a single stress on the first element; or a m
6、ain stress on the first element and a secondary stress on the second element. E.g. blackboard, blue bottle (a large buzzing fly with blue body)Normal phrase accent: a secondary stress on the first element and a main stress on the second element. E.g. blue bottle (a bottle which is blue)Semantic crit
7、erion(语义标准) : A compound is a combination forming a unit expressing a single idea. The lexical meaning of the components are closely joined together to create a compound with a meaning which one can easily recognize, e.g. backdoor, sunset, workday. However, the meaning of a compound is not always th
8、e sum of the meanings of its parts, e.g. dog days, flatfoot ( a policeman), greenhouse, greenback (美钞)，green-hand(生手), greenroom（演员休息室）, mother wit（天生的智力）, Indian paper（字典纸）.More examples: home letters(家信), home voyage（归程）, home life（家庭生活）, home affairs（家庭事务），home bird（不爱外出的人）, home economics（家政学）,
9、home front（大后方）, home games（在本地举行的比赛）, home help（家务女佣）, homemaker（主妇）, home plate（棒球的本垒打）, home sickness（思家病）.Word order: A flower pot (花盆) a pot flower (盆花) tiptoe(脚尖) deaf-mute（聋哑者）Some of them were influenced by French: court martial(军事法庭) ; president elect（当选总统）; ambassador designate（尚未上任的大使）Cla
10、ssification of compounds Compounds can be classified according to parts of speech of the compounds. noun compounds : airplane , flower pot adjective compounds: weather-beaten , snowwhite verb compounds: proof-read, baby-sit proposition compounds: notwithstanding, alongside of conjunction compounds:
11、whenever ,whereas pronoun compounds: another , myselfThe three commonest types are noun compounds, adjective compounds, and verb compounds.noun compounds Noun + noun rainwater 雨水; springwater 泉水; houseplants 室内植物;fireball 火球 ; firecracker 鞭炮 ; spacecraft/spaceship 太空船；spacesuits 太空服；mousemat ； 鼠标垫 D
12、ream Team；bar code 条形码； lip service 口头上说得好听的话； information highway 信息高速公路； science fiction 科幻小说； sugar cane 甘蔗；gaslight 煤气灯； Noun + verb daybreak 拂晓； nightfall 夜幕降临；sunset/sunrise 日落， earthquake 地震；landslip/landslide (山体滑坡)； headache toothache ；stomachache ；heartbeat drumbeat； footbeat 脚步节拍 ； wingbe
13、at 翅翼振动 ； window-dress 布置橱窗； water-supply 自来水 ； snowfall 降雪量； toothpick 牙签； haircut ； pickpocket ； scarecrow稻草人 ( scare the crow) Verb + noun cry baby (爱哭的婴儿)； playboy (花花公子) ；glowworm (发光虫)； watch-dog (看家狗), swearword（骂人话）, breakwater（防波提）, driveway（车道）, jump suit（伞兵跳伞服，连衣裤工作服）；rattle snake(响尾蛇) Ve
14、rb + adv / prep changeover (转变进程) ； setback (挫折)； breakdown (崩溃)， show-off(炫耀), slip-up（疏忽，不幸事故）, put-off（推迟，搪塞）, follow-up（连续广告法）sit-in, dropout, breakdown, walk-on, walkout, setback, take-off Adjective + noun clear-way(超速道路), easy-chair, deadline, hard disk, soft disk，red tape(官样文章) adverb + noun
15、under-clothes(内衣), after-effect（后效，副作用）, upgrade（升级）, overburden V+ing + noun chewing gum(口香糖), baking powder（发酵粉）, reading lamp（台灯）, lodging house（分间出租供人休息用的房屋），leading article(社论), working party（作业队） Adverb + verb outlet(出口), upset（颠覆）, downfall（垮台，陷落）, upstart（暴发户）, onflow（滚滚向前）adjective compounds Pre-modifier VS. Post-modifier ( describe a noun phrase or restrict its meaning in some way) Compound modifiers, because of their expressivenes
