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1、第一章it做形式主语的句型动名词做主语通常表示一件已知的事情或经验。动名词做主语要视为一个单一的个体，其后动词用单数形式。climbing mountaing is interesting.driving the car during the rush hour is tiring.不定式做主语通常表示一件未完成的事情或目的。此类短语作主语时，亦视为单一个体，其后动词用单数形式。to study abroad has long been my dream.但无论动名词还是不定式作主语如果太长，不美观，需要it作形式主语。如果主语不长则不需要形式主语，否则也影响美观。it is useless
2、to learn english writing without a clear understand of sentence structure.it is no use +动名词= it is useless +不定式= there is no use in +动名词只能修饰事物的形容词很多，常用的有，hard,difficult, easy,worth,while,necessar,interesting,essential ,useful,useless,此类形容词造句千万不可以人做主语；表示人气质的单词如stupid,cruel,wise,kind,careful,careless,
3、impolite,polite可以人做主语；有些形容词即可修饰人亦可修饰物，如good,bad,foolish。 修饰人时用介词of,修饰物时用介词forit is good of you to help the boy.it is goood for us to do the jogging.一边吃东西一边说话很不礼貌。it is impolite to talk while eating.你有必要立即开展工作。it is necessary for you to start the work at once.-at once置于动词后面come here at once.选择好友对你是很重
4、要的it is important for you to choose good friends.-choose=pick out选择你任由窗子开着，实在太粗心了it was careless of you to leave the window open.-leave不及物动词 任由-，加宾语之后，再接形容词或分词作宾语补足语。他真蠢，竟然犯了这样的错误it was stupid of him to make such a mistake.2）it is -that强调句型介词的宾语1）只有whether及疑问词引导的名词从句，可做介词的宾语；2）that从句决不可直接做介词的宾语，其补救方
5、法如下：介词+the fact+that从句；Im curious about whether he can do it;Im curious about what he will do;Im curious about when he can do it;Im curious about hwo he will do it;Im curious about the fact that he shoud study so hard.介词+变成所有格+变成动名词 Im curious about his studying so hard. He is interesting in marys h
6、aving married peter.主语+be+adj+that从句：Im curious that he should study so hard. Im interested(adj) that mary has married peter.whether引导的名词从句只有在做动词的宾语时，或被形式主语it替代时，才可与if互用，其余情况中，则不能用if取代whether.whether he will come is not known.(true)if he will come is not known(false)if he will come is not known(fals
7、e)the problem is whether he will come.(true)the problem is if he will come.(false)I dont know whether he will come.(true)I dont know if he will come.(true)it follows +that从句当然-from this evidence, it follows that he is not the murderer.it doesnt follow +that从句未必-although she is poor, it doesnt follow
8、 that she is dishonest.it occurs to +人+that从句=it strikes +人+that=人+hits on+it+that从句某人突然想起-it occurs to me that I should ask him for help.=it struck me that I should ask him for help.=i hit on it that I should ask him for help.=I suddenly remembered that I should ask hime for help.他真的已经到伦敦了吗？is it t
9、ure that he has gone tolondon?-it is ture that-?真的-？很遗憾你的朋友把他的行李留在这了。it is a pity that your friend has left his luggage here.- it is pity that-?=it is a regret that-=it is regrettable that很遗憾几乎可以确定的是，你将在戏剧院里见到一两位你的朋友。it is almost certain that you will see one or two of your friends in the theater.父母
10、爱子女是很自然的事情。it is natural that parents should love their children.-it is natural that-should是很自然的事可以确定的是，他绝非好人。it is certain that he is by no means nice. It is certain that by no means is he nice.-by no means=in no way绝非他会不会服从规定令人怀疑。it is doubtful whether he will comply with the order.-obey/abide by/
11、comply with/conform to服从我从未想到他会这么无礼it never occurred to me that he should be so impolite/rude.-it never occurred to me that = I never thought that-我从未想到虽然他喜欢音乐，他未必擅长唱歌although he loves music, it does not follow that he is good at singing.-it doesnt follow that未必3）it is said that据说-it is said that he
12、 is very wealthy.it is believed that the rumor is true.it is said that-据说it is believed that-一般相信it is expected that-一般预料it is thought that-一般认为it is reported that-据报道it is estimated that-据估计it is known that-众所周知it is expected that john will be back by ten.预料中的事情it is reported that the car accident
13、took place sometime yesterday.it is thought that peter is good-for-nothing.大家认为彼得一无是处。it is estimated that the damage was over one million dollars.a)时态相同时候，to之后要接原形动词。it is said that he is nice.=he is said to be nice.it is thought that peter is good-for-nothing.=peter is thought to be good-for-nothi
14、ng.it is known that he works hard.=he is known to work hard .b)时态不同时，to之后要接have+过去分词it is estimated that the damage was over one million dollars.=the damage is estimated to have been over one million dollars.it is reported that car accident took place sometime yesterday.=the car accident is reported to have taken place sometime yesterday.c)若that从句中有助动词will,can,may,should时，其变化如下：it is said that he will come tomorrow.=he is said to come tomorrwo. (will删除即可)it is said that he can
